Essay about Cancer and Terry Tempest Williams Refuge

Cancer and Terry Tempest Williams Refuge â€Å"I cannot prove my mother, my grandmothers, along with my aunts developed cancer from nuclear fallout in Utah. But I can’t prove they didn’t.† Epilogue, Refuge In Terry Tempest Williams’s Refuge, death slowly claimed almost all of the women of her family. Death took Williams’ family members one by one just one or two years apart. In every case, the cause was cancer. Williams insisted in the epilogue that fall-out from the 1951-62 nuclear testing in Utah brought cancer to her family. Because there are many other causes of cancer, such as genetic and environmental factors, it is hard for one to insist that nuclear fall-out causes cancer. Therefore, it is important to find out how and why†¦show more content†¦For example, Iodine 131 causes thyroid cancer. It is a substance that dissolves into liquid such as water and milk. Other chemicals such as Strontium-90 and Cesium 147 as well get into water, milk, soil, food and vegetables that we eat and cause bone, skin cancer and leukemia. Chemicals like Strontium-90 and Cesium-147 remain for up to 200 to 300 years in the atmosphere (CancerSource.) The United States tested nuclear bombs, â€Å"215 A- and H-bombs† (www.nukewatch.com) above ground between 1951 and 1963 in the Nevada Test Site. Fifty years later, the U.S government studies stated that over 80,000 people who lived or were born in the U.S suffered from cancer caused by radioactive fall-out from nuclear testing. Over 15,000 of them died. Many of whom were from the states close to the testing sites, called the â€Å"downwinders,† Utah, Idaho and other states. From the Nevada Test Site the winds carried nuclear radiation fallout, filled with â€Å"iodine-131† which caused â€Å"75,000 thyroid cancers, ten percent of which are estimated to have been fatal, and strontium-90 and cesium-137, which are dangerous for between 280 and 300 years,† (nukewatch) likely causes of bone and skin cancer and leukemia. Therefore, there is some strong evidence that nuclear fall-out in the 1950s did cause cancer. â€Å"Downwinders† and people from the states close to the test site were severely exposed to the fallout and have suffered from all kind of cancers. The Center for DiseaseShow MoreRelated Refuge: An Unnatural History of Family and Place by Terry Tempest Williams1308 Words   |  6 PagesRefuge: An Unnatural History of Family and Place by Terry Tempest Williams Refuge; An Unnatural History of Family and Place, by Terry Tempest Williams, is a thought-provoking, sentimental book that explores both the unnatural and the natural events that take place in her life. The deception and lies of the reports presented by the United States government, which lead to the fall out of atomic bomb testing in Utah in the 1950s and the rise of the Great Salt Lake and its effect on bird’s serveRead MoreEssay on Terry Tempest Williams Refuge1182 Words   |  5 PagesTerry Tempest Williams Refuge If we bemoan the loss of light as the day changes to night we miss the sunset. In her memoirs Refuge, Terry Tempest Williams relates the circumstances surrounding the 1982 rise in the Great Salt Lake as well as her mother’s death from cancer. Throughout the book Williams gets so caught up in preventing her mother’s death that she risks missing the sunset of her mother’s life. However the Sevier-Fremont’s adaptability to changes in nature inspires Terry TempestRead More Terry Tempest Williams’ Refuge Essay1049 Words   |  5 PagesTerry Tempest Williams’ Refuge Adaptation is the source and story of a species’ survival. Human beings’ journey across and habitation of the earth’s surfaces demanded resilience to change. As a result each race is a product of the land in which they inhabited. We have grown with the land. Our physical traits tie us to a particular region, a particular place, but what of our emotions? Are they another link to our homelands or do they orphan us, forcing us to seek refuge? Terry Tempest Williams’Read More Female Struggles Essay examples1592 Words   |  7 PagesLatter Day Saints, also known as Mormons, patriarchy also exists. Terry Tempest Williams discusses patriarchy and women’s connection to the land in Refuge. Over time women’s status in society has become better, however in Mormon culture women’s rights have decreased. In Refuge, Terry Tempest Williams as an ecofeminist defies the traditional Mormon woman’s role. In Refuge the gender roles are not as clear as in society. Williams chooses to display the gender roles more subtly. We learn that womenRead More Terry Tempest Williams Refuge Essay examples1926 Words   |  8 PagesTerry Tempest Williams Refuge In Refuge, Terry Tempest Williams weaves together her experiences and relationships with family and nature, two major themes of Refuge, as well as two apparently important aspect of Williams’ life. The book is the story of the destruction of her family and the nature surrounding her, but it is these places that are being destroyed are the same places where Terry Tempest Williams finds comfort before, during and after cancer started to consume her life. I believeRead More Nuclear Power and Testing Essay examples2337 Words   |  10 Pagesgenetic defects, leukemia, and cancer in many of the fallout’s victims. In her 1992 book Refuge, Terry Tempest Williams claims she â€Å"cannot prove her mother, Diane Dixon Tempest, or [her] grandmothers, Lettie Romney Dixon and Kathryn Blackett Tempest, along with [her] aunts developed cancer from nuclear fallout in Utah ( Tempest 286,);† however, scientific tests, although hard to conduct in this circumstance, have proved a st rong correlation between fallout exposure and cancer within the downwind populationRead More Can Religion Help the Healing Process of Cancer? Essay example1427 Words   |  6 PagesCan Religion Help the Healing Process of Cancer? One of the hardest parts of cancer is psychologically dealing with the illness. People know that cancer causes pain, suffering and potentially death. Death. A traumatizing circumstance when faced with prematurely. Patients with this life-threatening disease can easily fall into unhealthy lifestyle due to lack of emotional support, making cancer twice as difficult to try to overcome. Religion and spirituality provide patients with coping mechanismsRead MoreThe Clan of One-Breasted Women by Terry Tempest Williams Essay1876 Words   |  8 PagesThe Clan of One-Breasted Women by Terry Tempest Williams In our current society it is established that faith is equated with a type of blind acceptance of all that the church or institution stands for. Having faith is still viewed as a wholesome characteristic, though it is more and more becoming correlated with negative connotation that is commonly attached to a thoughtless, dogmatic approach Ââ€" an absolute obedience of all tenets regardless of conscious thoughts and appeals. In a similar regard

The Debate Over Legalization Of Euthanasia Essay - 2047 Words

Controversies on legalization of euthanasia in Europe and America are continuing. The argument for legalizing euthanasia36 is that the individual s freedom entails liberty or choice in all matters as long as the rights of any other person are not infringed upon. The argument against legalizing euthanasia is that it will lead to disrespect for human life. Euthanasia can then be abused for criminal purposes. A financial motive is sometimes advanced in favor of euthanasia. It costs money to the family or the government to keep terminally ill people on life support which will be wastage of resources if they eventually die. 35 http.://www.angelfire.com., visited on 21st Feb, 2012. 36 http.:// www.missionislam.com., visited on 21st Feb 2015. 60 For the purpose of analyzing euthanasia, 5 principles are recognized by most of the theorists. These principles are: (a) The principle of motive, i.e., each action is judged by the intention behind it. (b) The principle of certainty, i.e., a certainty cannot be voided, changed or modified by uncertainty. (c) The principle of injury, i.e., an individual should not harm others or be harmed by others. (d) The principle of hardship, i.e., hardship mitigates easing of the rules and obligations. (e) The principle of custom, i.e., what is customary is a legal ruling. 61 (a) The Principle of Motive or Intention – The principle of motive is invoked in three situations: (a) There is noShow MoreRelated Legalizing Voluntary Euthanasia Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesToday, voluntary euthanasia is getting closer to being legalized in more than just one state in the United States. â€Å"‘Voluntary’ euthanasia means that the act of putting the person to death is the end result of the person’s own free will† (Bender 19). â€Å" Voluntary euthanasia is an area worthy of our serious consideration, since it would allow patients who have exhausted all other reasonable options to choose death rather than continue suffering† (Bender 19). The question of whether or not voluntaryRead MoreThe Slippery Slope Of Euthanasia1396 Words   |  6 Pagesslippery slope argument has been ongoing in the euthanasia debate. 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Brittany Maynard is a well-known example of person who took her own live under Oregon’s aid-in-dying law due toRead More Rebutting Arguments to Legalize Euthanasia or Assisted Suicide1711 Words   |  7 PagesArguments to Legalize Euthanasia or Assisted Suicide      Ã‚   This essay focuses on several of the most common arguments in favor of the legalization of euthanasia or assisted suicide - and rebuts them. The language is simple, or, as they say, in laymans terms so as to be easily understandable. The sources are from professional journals, internet websites, and news outlets.    The first common argument favoring euthanasia or assisted suicide is this: Since euthanasia and assisted suicideRead MoreEssay Euthanasia1563 Words   |  7 PagesCountless debates have been conducted in recent years regarding euthanasia. It is a topic of great significance and sensitivity, because in the simplest terms, it is a debate about someone’s right to take his/her own life. Ultimately the legalization of euthanasia is a matter of human rights, and therefore the outcome of its debate has great implications on how humans define those inalienable rights. The arguments against euthanasia are numerous, and many of them are valid, good, humanitarian pointsRead MorePersuasive Essay Pro Euthanasia954 Words   |  4 PagesLee AP Language and composition Persuasive essay 6 October 2017 Euthanasia legalization The ultimate value of life depends upon awareness and the power of contemplation rather than upon mere survival. Aristotle Being one of the most fervid and controversial topic of all, euthanasia, also known as physician-assisted suicide, has initiated a very sensitive discussion on life and death under one’s ability to choose either side. Euthanasia is defined as a â€Å"the act or practice of killing or permitting theRead MoreThe Debate Of Euthanasia And Euthanasia1429 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION: The debate of euthanasia is an ongoing one that’s shrouded with much controversy and ambiguity regarding the ethics of it in contemporary Australian society. However, the frequency of this topic being debated by physicians, influential figures and the media has become more prominent now than ever. In particular, in association with its impending legislation within Australian states. (The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists,2012) Various types of euthanasia are recognisedRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide1418 Words   |  6 Pagescan put the patient in an induced coma, but what kind of living is that? It is not living. The patient does not want to go on. Is it so wrong to ask for a way out? With less than six months to live, the patient’s hope is gone. Many argue that euthanasia is not ethical, but is it really ethical to let someone live in constant, horrifying pain and agony? While in some cases having the right to die might result in pati ents giving up on life, physician-assisted suicide should be legalized in all fiftyRead MoreEuthanasi The Issue Of Legalizing Euthanasia1662 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization of Euthanasia Ata Dogan Student Sheridan College Abstract This paper examines how countries around the world have dealt with euthanasia as an upcoming issue. Looking into the stances, arguments and opinions surrounding the issue of legalizing Euthanasia. It goes into detail about why citizens are requesting legalization and also reviews who are the people specifically that chose to be euthanized. Furthermore, it discusses the negative stance and the positive outcomes of this issue overRead MoreDeath with Dignity (Euthanasia) Essay1515 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the value of life exactly? Who decides whether or not someone’s life is valuable? These and many other questions are asked when the controversial topic of euthanasia is discussed. Certain groups and different politicians disapprove of the legalization of euthanasia, arguing that it is immoral and unethical. Doctors use modern medicine and expanding technology to â€Å"extend† one’s life. However, court mandates and/or politicians should not decide our rights. Especially when it involves our own

Mcdonalds vs Burger King free essay sample

For years, McDonalds and Burger King (8K) have been the worlds two largest and most successful fast food chains. Both have battled out all these years over their operational differences which form the core of their corporate culture. The Doing It All For You (McDonalds) vs. Having It Your Way (BKs) stems from their respective production methods. McDonalds Made to Stock vs. BKS Made to Order also originate from the differences in their respective processes. Exhibits 1 and 2 show the Process Flow Diagrams (PFDs) of McDonalds and BK respectively. Exhibit 3 rovides a detailed comparative analysis of the PFDs of these two fast food chains. The main operational difference between McDonalds and BK is that McDonalds cooks their hamburgers on grills using a batch process (a batch of upto 12 patties/ grill) with human intervention to turn, sear, and pull. BK uses the machine based Continuous Chain Broiler assembly process (8 burgers/meat chain) for the production of their burgers similar to an assembly line in a manufacturing process thus, requiring no human intervention. The corporations revenues come from the rent, royalties and fees paid by the franchisees, as well as sales in company-operated restaurants. McDonalds revenues grew 27 percent over the three years ending in 2007 to $22. 8 billion, and 9 percent growth in operating income to $3. 9 billion. McDonald’s primarily sells hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken, french fries, breakfast items, soft drinks, shakes and desserts. In response to changing consumer tastes, the company has expanded its menu to include salads, wraps, smoothies and fruit. Another fast food chain is Burger King. The company began in 1953 as Insta-Burger King, a Jacksonville, Florida-based restaurant chain. After Insta-Burger King ran into financial difficulties in 1955, its two Miami-based franchisees, David Edgerton and James McLamore, purchased the company and renamed it Burger King. Over the next half century the company would change hands four times, with its third set of owners, a partnership of TPG Capital, Bain Capital, and Goldman Sachs Capital Partners, taking it public in 2002. In late 2010 3G Capital of Brazil acquired a majority stake in BK in a deal valued at $3. 26 billion (USD). The new owners promptly initiated a restructuring of the company to reverse its fortunes. At the end of fiscal year 2011, Burger King reported it had more than 12,400 outlets in 73 countries; of these, 66 percent are in the United States and 90 percent are privately owned and operated. BK has historically used several variations of franchising to expand its operations. The manner in which the ompany licenses its franchisees varies depending on the region, with some regional franchises, known as master franchises, responsible for selling franchise sub-licenses on the companys behalf. Burger Kings relationship with its franchises has not always been harmonious. Like McDonalds, Burger King sells hamburgers, chicken, french fries, soft drinks, milkshakes, salads, desserts and breakfast. McDonalds amazing taste, reasonable prices and great customer service makes it a stronger and more successful company than Burger King. McDonalds have a variety of foods which are all very delicious but the one item that stands out is their fries. The taste of McDonalds french fries played a crucial role in the chains success, fries are much more profitable than hamburgers, and was long praised by customers, competitors, and even food critics. James Beard loved McDonalds fries. Their distinctive taste does not stem from the kind of potatoes that McDonalds buys, the technology that processes them, or the restaurant equipment that fries them: other chains use Russet Burbanks, buy their french fries from the same large processing companies, and have similar fryers in their restaurant kitchens. The taste of a french fry is largely determined by the cooking oil. For decades McDonalds cooked its french fries in a mixture of about seven percent cottonseed oil and 93 percent beef tallow. The mixture gave the fries their unique flavor, they are not too salty, greasy or saggy, and they are just right and highly favored. In the Article â€Å"Best Tasting Fries, Aaron Francis explained that â€Å"McDonald’s fries are the best tasting fries that he has tasted in a long time† (9). On the other hand Burger Kings food taste horrible, the fries is salty and saggy, the burgers are huge and sloppy with a lot of calories which is unhealthy. In the Article â€Å"Horrible Fast Food, Edwin Michaels explained that â€Å"Burger Kings food is atrocious† (4). So it is very obvious that McDonalds is the best of the two. In this economy it is very important for people to spend their hard working money on food with reasonable prices. McDonalds is one of the most reasonable priced fast food restaurants in the nation. It is quite affordable and has many different food items to choose from. The food that is sold for the price of a dollar on their famous dollar menu is amazing. In the Article â€Å"Hard Times, Randy Baldwin explains that â€Å"McDonalds is a life saver when it comes to prices on their menus†(7). Burger King However has larger prices for many of the same items so no wonder people prefer McDonald’s more. The burgers on their menus are very expensive and the average meal ranges from $5 and up while McDonald ranges from $3 and up. In the Article â€Å"Expenses, Michelle Gillis explains that â€Å"She will no longer purchase from Burger King because their prices are too high†(2). Different people from all walks of life has different types of price ranges so it depends on someone’s assets what they think is reasonable or not. Customer service is not optional in todays businesses. Its crucial to creating customer loyalty and retention. Customer service is the service or care that a consumer receives before, during and after a purchase. Its one of the factors that come in to play when a consumer is determining buying value, the other is the quality of the product or service that is being offered. When it comes to customer service McDonalds is great because they know how to treat customers with the utmost respect, they always seems to have a smile on their faces and if anything goes wrong they tend to take care of it in the graceful manner possible. Their customer service is excellent. In the Article Great Customer Service, Jack Allen explains: McDonald’s customer service is great, they know how to treat the customers in the proper way, from the way they greet and address people with manners and kindness. They make sure a proper environment is provided for individual to have a meal and the way the talk to people is just amazing how much manner they have. They present themselves in a very neat and clean way with uniforms for their specific jobs, which is very attractive. (6) however, burger king’s customer service sucks in terms of how they approach an individual, speak with someone and the wait there to actually get something to eat. There employees are not very kind and caring and they also dress sloppy as said In the Article â€Å"Bad Employees, Alfred Johnson explains that â€Å"Burger King has the worse customer service† (3). Burger King need to teach better customer service. It is very obvious that McDonalds is the better of the two in every way possible. The way that the cooperation is managed due to the fact that they have not changed ownership as many times as Burger King has. Their business blueprint has served as a model for many other franchises both in and out of the fast food industry. McDonalds is able to attain a high level of standard that is guaranteed at chains throughout the globe and the other hand Burger King at the lowest of the fast food chain. What I find amazing about McDonalds their standard is attain while offering a wider variety of food item on the menu as compared to Burger King. McDonalds is able to accomplish all of this while keeping competitive in a slow economy and retain their status as the top fast food chain. The sheer volume of sales, chains, and numbers of countries they are in, serves as proof that I am not the only one that share this opinion.

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Formal Lab free essay sample

The nitrating agent was prepared by slowly adding cold concentrated sulfuric acid (1. 7 mL, 0. 0319 mol) to cold concentrated nitric acid (0. 6 mL, 0. 0141 mol) in a 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask. The mixture was carefully swirled in an ice bath to ensure that the two concentrated acids were thoroughly mixed together. In a second 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask, acetanilide (1. 0 g, 0. 0074 mol) was dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid (1. 5 mL, 0. 0281 mol) by having the acid slowly added to the solid while the mixture was swirled. Heating with a hot plate was also required to dissolve the acetanilide. When all of the solid had dissolved, the flask was cooled in an ice bath. The cold nitrating agent was added drop-wise to the cold acetanilide mixture. The flask was swirled after each addition of the nitrating agent. The flask was kept immersed in the ice bath so that the temperature of the reaction would not rise. The drop-wise addition of the nitrating agent took approximately 5-10 minutes. Including the time of adding the nitrating agent, the reaction was kept in the ice bath for a total of 20 minutes with intermittent swirling. Ice water (10 mL, 0. 555 mol) was carefully added to the flask. The mixture was thoroughly swirled to dilute the acids and was allowed to stand for about 5 minutes with occasional swirling. After the 5 minutes, solid nitroacetanilde formed. The solid was collected by vacuum filtration and rinsed with cold water. The solid was allowed to dry over the Buchner funnel for several minutes. A small amount of this solid was saved in a small test tube. The filtrate was disposed of in the waste jar in the hood. The filter flask was rinsed out with a small amount of water. The remainder of the solid was recrystallized from hot ethanol. The solid was collected by vacuum filtration. A TLC was ran on the crude solid, the recrystallized solid, and the filtrate from the recrystallization. The solid was allowed to dry until the following lab when it would be weighed and have a melting point taken. Calculations Theoretical Yield: 1. 0 g acetanilide x 1 mol/135. 16 g = 0. 0074 mol acetanilide 0. 0074 mol acetanilide x 1 mol p-nitroacetanilide/1 mol acetanilide = 0. 0074 mol p-nitroacetanilide 0. 0074 mol p-nitroacetanilide x 180. 16 g/1 mol = 1. 33 g p-nitroacetanilide Percent Yield: (Actual/Theoretical) x 100 = (0. 17 g/1. 33 g)x100 = 12. 8% yield Rf calculations: First spot: (center of first spot/ solvent front) = 3. 7 cm/ 5. 2 cm = 0. 71 Second spot: (center of second spot/ solvent front) = 4. 6 cm/ 5. 2 cm = 0. 88 Data Results The actual yield of p-nitroacetanilide was 0. 17 grams corresponding to a 12. 8% yield. The melting point was found to be 210-212 °C, confirming that the product’s identity was indeed the p-nitroacetanilide. A TLC was performed on the crude solid, the recrystallized solid, and the filtrate from the recrystallization. Each sample gave two distinct spots on the filter paper with Rf values of 0. 71 and 0. 88. Discussion Aromatic compounds can undergo electrophilic substitution reactions. In these reactions, the aromatic ring acts as a nucleophile (an electron pair donor) and reacts with an electrophilic reagent (an electron pair acceptor) resulting in the replacement of a hydrogen on the aromatic ring with the electrophile. Due to the fact that the conjugated 6? -electron system of the aromatic ring is so stable, the carbocation intermediate loses a proton to sustain the aromatic ring rather than reacting with a nucleophile. Ring substituents strongly influence the rate and position of electrophilic ttack. Electron-donating groups on the benzene ring speed up the substitution process by stabilizing the carbocation intermediate. Electron-withdrawing groups, however, slow down the aromatic substitution because formation of the carbocation intermediate is more difficult. The electron-withdrawing group withdraws electron density from a species that is already positively charged making it very electron d eficient. Therefore, electron-donating groups are considered to be â€Å"activating† and electron-withdrawing groups are â€Å"deactivating†. Activating substituents direct incoming groups to either the â€Å"ortho† or â€Å"para† positions. Deactivating substituents, with the exception of the halogens, direct incoming groups to the â€Å"meta† position. The experiment described above was an example of a specific electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction involving the nitration of acetanilde. This was formally the nitration of aniline, but some groups are not always compatible with electrophilic aromatic substitution. Aniline has an amino group (-NH2) which is electron donating and an ortho/para director. However, under the conditions of many electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions like those involving strongly acidic conditions, the amine becomes protonated (-NH3+) becoming electron withdrawing and a meta director. This is undesirable and would have led to a mixture of products. This problem can be avoided by converting the amine group into an amide (-NHCOCH3 in the case of acetanilide) prior to the electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The amide group is called a protecting group and will not form a salt under acidic conditions, is still activating and an ortho, para director. The protecting group can actually be easily removed after the substitution reaction to regenerate the original amine group if desired. In our experiment, we started with the protected aniline rather than have the acetanilide prepared from aniline and did not remove the protecting group at the end. The nitration was carried out with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid. This mixture gave NO2+ as the electrophilic species and the nitrating agent to be used in the reaction. The reaction yielded both ortho and para-nitroacetanilide as products. Para-nitroacetanilide was separated from the ortho form by recrystallization due to solubility properties. The melting point range obtained during this experiment was very important in determining the product’s identity since the two possible products had very different melting points. The product’s melting point range was found to be 210-212 °C, which is very close to the literature melting point range of p-nitroacetanilide (215-217 °C) confirming the product is essentially of the para form. Since the experimental melting point range is slightly lower than the literature value, there are still some impurities in the product. The impurities on the product are most likely o-nitroacetanilide. The TLC ran on the crude solid, the recrystallized solid, and the filtrate from the recrystallization was beneficial in determining what forms of nitroacetanilide was present at each step of the experiment. The TLC plate used had silica gel as the adsorbent which is highly polar. Ethyl acetate, polar, was used as the solvent. Therefore, the less polar substances would travel further up the plate with the more polar substances staying behind. P-nitroacetanilide is less polar than o-nitroacetanilide and was observed on the plate as the spot with the lower Rf value (0. 71). All three samples showed two spots at each of the Rf values (0. 71 and 0. 88), but the recrystallized solid sample’s second spot (Rf value of 0. 88) was very faint on the plate and was barely noticeable compared to the other two samples. This further supported that there was probably still a little bit of o-nitroacetanilide in the final recrystallized product, as previously shown by the melting point range. It was also expected that the crude solid sample and the filtrate from recrystallization sample would both contain both the ortho and para form and show the two distinct spots on the TLC plate. In conclusion, this lab proved to be successful in nitrating an aromatic compound and isolating the p-nitroacetanilide from the ortho/para mixture of products. The percent yield (12. 8%) was pretty low, but a low percent yield was expected. The sources of error which may have led to such a low percent yield include the fact that we had to separate the para product from the ortho product and most likely lost a good amount of product in this step. Also, the nitrating agent (NO2+) was gaseous and had to be prepared in â€Å"situ† from the reaction of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. It is very probable that we did not have a 100% yield of the nitrating agent prepared to be able to react in the nitrating reaction. As low as the percent yield may have been, I feel confident that the final product was pretty pure. This was evidenced by both the obtained melting point range, which was fairly close to the literature value, and the TLC plate which showed only a little bit of the ortho product. References 1) Sigma-Aldrich website

Essay On Lunacies Of Catch-22 Essays - Yossarian, Catch-22

Essay on Lunacies of Catch-22 english essay on lunacies of catch-22 Joseph Heller, in his Catch-22, satirizes the lunacies and catches of war and the military. This world which Yossarian and Milo inhabit is a game to be played very carefully. That the craziness of war is a game can be supported by the fact that Milo and Yossarian both win, but each having and utilizing a different strategy. "Milo and Yossarian came from fundamentally different con-man traditions, both pressed into new extremes. The contrast in styles can be summed up by saying that Milo is serious but covert and that Yossarian is open but playful." Throughout the novel, Milo makes headway by his manipulations and fast talk. He makes himself invaluable to Colonel Cathcart by forcing him to realize that he is irreplaceable. He manipulates himself into a position of acting as a lifeline to the base by appealing to the weaknesses of his superior officers. Cunningly he maneuvers himself into power and becomes the most influential person in the entire scope of operations. However, he loses the sense of the game; he becomes so wrapped up in gaining position, he loses his sense of awareness and becomes singularly concerned with money and power. Yossaarian, on the other hand, remains openly defiant of the game but succeeds at it because of his playfulness. He attends a march stark naked, openly aborts missions, and obviously fakes illness to escape "the game." In doing this he makes his points and accomplishes his goals but only because of his playfulness. Yossarian made real headway upon his temporary repression of his ideals and principles but realizing his mistake changed his mind. He could not manipulate his beliefs as Milo does but could not advance with open, serious defiance and strict adherence to his principles. Yossarian sacrificed his only straightforward chance to escape the crazy "game" because of his beliefs. The craziness of this game and the winding paths that Yossarian and Milo follow to no particular end are what signified Catch-22 as a classic anti-realistic novel. Both characters are thrust into the same situation and are forced to make the best of it. The choices they make and the routes they follow through life determine their outcome.

How To Write A Dialectical Essay Essays

How To Write A Dialectical Essay Essays How To Write A Dialectical Essay Paper How To Write A Dialectical Essay Paper â€Å"How to write a dialectical essay?† is a typical question for all students. The focus of the dialectical essay lies in the presentation of opposite attitudes towards the certain issue and different understandings of a problem. It presupposes objecting technique as well brainstorming with the aim to discover various ideas related to the topic. The essence of this type of essay is controversial. Throughout the writing process, one denies the certain fact, presents disputable arguments. The aim of the writer lies in the discovery of the new objectives of a well-known issue. The nature of the paper is rather philosophical. This type of assignment requires profound preparation. Like any other type of essay, it has its distinctive features and peculiarities. To satisfy all the needs of the content, it is necessary to follow the next tips. Primarily, the author will face the need to conduct a kind of small research with the aim to discover new angles and perspective of a given issue. To deliver sense-loaded dialectical essay, one has to be competent in the topic and well familiar with it. This assignment demands from student approaching the issue using different objectives. The paper explores a complex of solutions instead of dwelling upon a singular one. The aim of the task to write a dialectical essay is simple. When the supervisor asks you to prepare this task, it means he wants to estimate the flexibility of your thinking as well as the skills of clarifying thoughts concerning a certain subject. An author of a dialectical paper has to discover both positive and negative aspects of the issue and provide for and against points of view concerning the main thesis. The structural elements helping to write a dialectical essay There are the following constituents of the structure explaining how to write a dialectical essay. The dialectic essay should split into five paragraphs. Each abstract has its peculiarities. The introductory paragraph of the dialectic essay includes a thesis sentence. Your thesis statement nature should have two interpretations, meaning that it should be built in the way so that the author can approach it from two opposite angles. Further, in the paper one will have to supply the reader with the controversial points. The format of the intro should be short, and at the same time informative and catchy. In the regular essay, the main body consists of two-three paragraphs with the supporting or denying the main thesis argument. On the contrast, in a dialectic essay, the features differ. After the intro, the author writes the argument paragraph. Here the task is to present one argument, which supports the main thesis. You can provide the target audience with the number of reasons, why it is worth to support the main thesis. The next part is the objection paragraph. Here the task of the writer is to object the statements provided in the precious part of the essay. There is on the important nuance that the writer should be aware of. The objective section should not contain the sentences, the content of which denies the thesis or questions its correctness. It is possible to resent some reasons explaining why the thesis the introduction includes can be doubted. The third section of your essay’s body we call the response. In this part of the essay, the author responds to the statements from the objection section. You should specify it. Bear in mind the fact that you do not need to provide any new arguments. You have to demonstrate the critical approach. Tips on how to write a dialectical essay with the proper conclusion How to write a dialectical essay with the proper conclusion? The last segment of a dialectical essay structure is concluding part. Author has to approach this section of the essay seriously and responsibly. The task of the writer is to formulate the result of the debates, which he held throughout the whole composition. He has to decide which point of view is valid and deserves attention. There cases when the mixture of several points deserves to be right and credible. Moreover, a student has to present the proof that supports his position, sometimes even through the prism of opposing argumentation. In case, when the students change his point of view, he has to supply the target reader with the explanation. Author has to provide reasons and defend his position throughout the whole paper. As soon as you finish the essay, you have to read your composition, paying attention to the following things concerning the content. Primarily, the conclusion should support the thesis as well the argumentation section. The opposing arguments should not deny the main statement of the composition. However, they have to object the other arguments, which you provided in the dialectical essay. Bear in mind the fact that the nature of the essay is disputable and controversial. The main task of the student working on the assignment it to deliver plenty of ideas related to the particular topic. The next step is to arrange all the ideas in the way so that they will deny each other and create the illusion of dispute. The reader has to emerge in a sense and grasp the main idea. General suggestions and demands helping to write a dialectical essay To make your essay worth positive evaluation, you need to be aware of the main writing principles and peculiarities and stick to them. The dialectical paper is a type of essay, which approaches the question from two opposite angles. The conclusion implies the alternative point of view based on the data examined. The task of the writer is to seek for the contrasts, oppositions, and disputes. Then find the idea that combines all those pints and making it the central issue of the essay. While working on this paper, you have applied your dialectical thinking. The main task is to combine two opposite thoughts in one composition. The structural peculiarities of the essay allow mixing the controversial points of view and making your essay looking logically arranged and sense-loaded. Several techniques will assist you in the writing process. You can apply the pro and con collection grid. It will help you to arrange all the points correctly to avoid mixing the points of view in the essay. Moreover, you can use the brainstorming exercise in case you face the scarcity of ideas. With the help of it, you will compile a list of ideas, which will be applicable in the writing process. The format is also a significant criterion influencing the quality of the essay. It concerns the proper citing as well as the acceptable plagiarism rate and grammatical correctness. The average volume of the composition has to include 600-700 words. Facing the need to understand how to write a dialectical essay, do not panic. All you need to do is to be aware of the nature of this type of assignment, be familiar with the requirements of the structure and have flexible thinking. With the help of those success components, you will deliver a paper deserving the highest evaluation!

Write an essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Write an - Essay Example perience for me and through this time I have tried to change most of the conventional methods employed by the other teachers we have worked with and introduced more effective ways to involve the students, more so in learning. Curriculum, in my understanding, and in an educational context broadly defines the experiences that one undergoes through the educational processes. The term as defined by a variety of scholars majorly refers to a planned sequence of instructions often set by organization instructional goals. The curriculum in this sense should be able to incorporate all the learning usually organized, planned and guided by the school, carried out in groups or individually and done both inside and outside the school environment (Null, 2011). The curriculum should define the reasons for doing particular things, the range of activities to be carried out and also the designated times in which these activities are to be carried out. In totality it involves among other things the skills, performances, values and attitudes that are to be expected from students or pupils that are in the schooling systems. When taken specifically in the education system, the curriculum should entail such aspects as the cont ents of the syllabuses offered, the strategies used to achieve their set targets and also the norms and values accepted by the school systems. The curriculum as defined and applied in the several spheres of the learning environment and other setups include the explicit, implicit, hidden, excluded and extracurricular curriculum and are as described: Explicit curriculum; includes those subjects and courses that are taught, the set objectives of the school, and the specified skills and knowledge that are expected from students that undergo the schooling system successfully. Implicit curriculum; also defined as the unintended curriculum, involves the lessons that arise due to the culture of the learning institution and its behaviors, its attitudes and the various

Bill Tilden - American Tennis Legend Research Paper

Bill Tilden - American Tennis Legend - Research Paper Example When he returned to the championships he quickly became the best tennis player of his era. His biggest win soon after his return came in the U.S. National Finals in 1920. It was a very important match for boosting his ego as he beat Bill Johnston, the same man who beat him in the finals in 1919. At the end of 1920 Bill became the number one player in the world. He was the first American to win Wimbledon singles in 1920 and he went on to secure victories in 1921 and 1930. Tilden dominated the sport. His wins were very impressive. In the decade of the twenties he won the U.S. singles championship seven times and the U.S. doubles championship four times. He played twenty eight Davis Cup matches and won twenty one times. He reached the finals of the U.S. Open ten times. He won fifty seven games consecutively in 1925. Between 1912 and 1930 he played in 969 matches and he won ninety four percent of those matches. These matches included singles, doubles and mixed doubles. One of the techniq ues that led to his fame and success was his powerful serve. It was referred to as ‘cannonball’ serve. He holds the record for the fastest tennis serve. This he achieved in 1931. It is recorded at 163.3 mph. Bill continued to be victorious in spite of some misfortunes. He suffered from a knee problem and he also lost one of his middle fingers due to infection but this did not deter his progress. In 1930 at age thirty seven he became the oldest man to win a Wimbledon singles title. Tilden’s Tennis Strategies Tilden had a strong backhand and he used several tactics while he played. He had a preference of playing from the backcourt. He sometimes liked to copy the tactics of his opponents while beating them.... The researcher of this essay focuses on the description of life, death and legacy of well-known American sports star and tennis player - William Tatem Tilden II, which was more popularly known as Bill Tilden or often nicknamed â€Å"Big Bill†. The researcher discusses his early years of life and his rise to stardom, that took place during the ‘Golden years of Sports†. He was born on February 10, 1893 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to a relatively wealthy family. During the first twenty years of his life he experienced many tragedies within his family. When he was fifteen years old his mother became disabled after contracting Bright’s disease. She died three years later. His father died three years after the death of his mother and shortly after, Bill’s only brother Herbert succumbed to pneumonia. Three siblings also died in infancy from diphtheria before he was born. Bill Tilden, although, he may not have gotten the recognition he deserves, has left a lasting impression on the sport of tennis. The researcher mentones that perhaps his greatest recognition to date came in 1959, when he was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame. It is concluded by the researcher that many great American tennis players have come after him, but none has reaped the number of successes like Tilden. His love for the sport has left an indelible mark in the American sports, one that is hard to erase by the passage of time even though full recognition has not been given to him. Fortunately, in the minds of some persons his memory still lives on.

Positivist, Interpretive and Constructivist Approaches in Social and E Literature review

Positivist, Interpretive and Constructivist Approaches in Social and Educational Studies - Literature review Example Reference to two chosen research articles will be used to illustrate how research styles are used today.   Those articles are,† Does the Auditory Saltation Stimulus Distinguish Dyslexic From Competently Reading Adults?† by Joanna Kidd and John Hogben (2007) and â€Å"In Maturation of Visual and Auditory Temporal Processing School-Aged Children† by Piers Dawes and Dorothy Bishop (2008). The attempt will be made through discussion to determine whether the approach used was positivist, interpretive or constructivist or a combination thereof.   The articles will also be compared to the qualitative and quantitative methods and whether they are empirical or non-empirical in a method. Ethics will be touched on as a necessary part of any research that is done today. To begin, let us discuss the different methods presently available for use in designing and carrying out research such as that noted above. In any research, there is a method used and though we would often think that the scientific method would always be used, that may not be true. The method of study is usually determined prior to the study being done. Will the study be empirical or non-empirical? Will it be Quantitative or Qualitative? What about positivist or interpretivist or maybe constructivist?   Sometimes the study itself will determine the method to be used. Sometimes there is a particular method or paradigm particularly appreciated by the researcher. Interpretive research is oftentimes seen as descriptive or summarizing in the method. This type of research obtains its data indirectly through other than direct research methods. The data may come from such places as academic books, policies, laws, or regulations (Xinping, 2002). Most of this type of research is done in a library with resources found there. The interpretive approach is described as often speculative, philosophical or impressionistic. The results of the research are not often used as any direct assistance to any future work.

The Water Storage Reservoirs Environmental Sciences Essay

The Water Storage Reservoirs Environmental Sciences Essay This report primarily focuses on two main reservoirs in Melbourne Sugarloaf and Cardinia Reservoir. It also describes the general problem of distribution of potable water to Melbourne and the measures proposed to overcome this problem. There are ten main reservoirs which distributes water to the Melbourne city and other surrounding areas. These ten reservoirs have a combined capacity of 1,812,175 million litres of water. The sediments in the catchment water stored in the storage reservoirs settle down to the bottom of the reservoir. The impact of natural sunlight will help to disinfect the settled water. Melbournes largest reservoir is the Thomson Reservoir. It contributes to 60% of Melbournes total reservoir storage capacity. Cardinia, Sugarloaf, Yan Yean and Greenvale are the only reservoirs with no catchment. They get water from other sources. Whereas the other reservoirs like Thomson, Upper Yarra, Silvan, Tarago, Maroondah and OShannassy receives water from the catchment areas. All these reservoirs are interconnected like a web link network. In case of any emergencies like bush fire, water from one reservoir can be transferred to another. Thus, protecting and saving the water from debris and other contaminants. Table 1: Water Storage level (Source ) Figure 1: Water storage graph (Source ) The above graph shows the water level of the reservoirs from 2009 to 2012. Compared to the previous years, it can be clearly seen that the water level in 2012 has increased to 70%. During the first half of the year, the water storage level has decreased drastically. On the other hand, the water level storage for the second half of the year has increased as compared to the first half. 1.1 Cardinia Reservoir Cardinia is the second largest reservoir in Melbourne with a total water storage capacity of 286,911 mega litres and is situated in the south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. The construction of the reservoir commenced in May 1970 and completed in 1973 with a cost of more than AUD11.4 million dollars. Cardinia receives water through the pipeline from Silvan Reservoir, which is the fifth largest. It was constructed as rolled earth fill and rock fill embankment. Maximum height of the main dam from the river to crest is 85 metres. Length measured along the top of the dam is 1,542 metres. This includes main bank only. The saddle dams have an additional crest length of 2,841 metres. The Surface area of top water level is 1,295 hectares. The current water holding of this reservoir as of 3rd July 2012 is 219,724 mega litres, which is 76.6% full. Cardinia supplies water to Melbournes southern and south-eastern suburbs, and the Mornington Peninsula. 1.2 Sugarloaf Reservoir Sugarloaf Reservoir is the fourth largest of all among the ten, located in northeast of Melbourne. It was completed in 1981 and constructed as rolled rock fill embankment with upstream concrete face. Its total capacity is 96,253 mega litres. Area of the catchment is 915 hectares off stream storage. Maximum height of the main dam from the river to crest is 89 metres. The length measured along the top of the dam is 1,050 metres. This includes main bank only. The saddle dams have an extra length of 690 metres. The Surface area of top water level is 440 hectares. The current water holding of this reservoir is 94,514 mega litres as of 3rd July 2012, which is 98.2% full. The water feeds the northern, western and central suburbs. In February 2010, the North South Pipeline from the Goulburn River was connected to the main reservoir. 2.0 SOURCE OF WATER Cardinia and Sugarloaf reservoir, both has no catchment, but the water is transferred to it by other sources. A catchment is an area that catches the rainfall water and directs to a river, creek, reservoir or gutter. The water catchments are sent to the reservoirs that provide drinking water. There are two types of catchments closed or forested catchment and open catchment. Around 80% of the drinking water comes from the closed water catchments in the Yarra Ranges. About 20% of Melbournes water comes from open catchments. The water from open catchment is pumped to the water treatment system, and the filtered water is distributed to the household. Melbourne has protected water catchments i.e. public are not allowed to enter inside the protected area. The Sugarloaf reservoir receives water from Yering Gorge pumping station which can extract water from the Yarra River, including water released from Maroondah and OShannassy. It also receives water from Goulburn River via North- South pipeline. This is operated only in critical times. Water leaving from Sugarloaf Reservoir is treated and purified at Winneke Treatment Plant. The water will leave from this plant only if it meets the required standard for drinking. The Cardinia Reservoir receives water from the Silvan Reservoir and nearby Wonthaggi Desalination Plant. It is used to stockpile water for Melbourne. The recent bush fire contaminated over 30% of water in Melbourne. At this time, most of the water was transferred to Cardinia Reservoir. The water from Cardinia flows out to other service reservoirs for household distribution. 3.0 WINNEKE TREATMENT PLANT The Winneke treatment plant plays a prominent role in Melbournes water supply system. It was commissioned in November 1980, and it was the first time that fully treated water was introduced into the water supply system. More than 50% of Melbournes water is treated and purified at Winneke Treatment Plant. The plant is located 32 kilometres northeast of Melbourne at Sugarloaf Reservoir in Christmas Hills. The Sugarloaf Reservoir is one in ten reservoirs in Melbourne and is the fourth largest. The water requires full treatment process as it is not received from the protected catchment areas. The water comes into the plant from three main different sources- the Maroondah Reservoir by the Maroondah aqueduct and Yering Gorge pumping station, Yarra River by Yering Gorge pumping station and Goulburn River by the North-South pipeline. 3.1 Water Treatment Process overview Water treatment process involves coagulation, clarification, filtration, disinfection and pH correction (chlorination) and fluoridation. The water is passed through 14 sand filters before being added with chlorine, lime and fluoride. The filtered water is distributed only if it meets the Australian standard for drinking. Untitled.png Figure 2: Winneke Process Flow Diagram (Source) 3.1.1 Coagulation Untreated water is pumped from the Sugarloaf Reservoir to the Winneke inlet control structure. At this stage, lime and aluminium sulphate (alum) is added. The alum acts as a coagulant, which will suspend solids and other microorganisms to form larger particles. 3.1.2 Clarification The water then flows through an underground channel to a water distribution chamber. The water is sent to one of five sludge blanket clarifiers and polyelectrolyte injected to promote flocculation and sedimentation processes. Water is circulated in the clarifiers for 3 to 4 hours. The clarifiers improve the coherence and entrapment of the suspended solids and thus eliminate the colour from the water. Solid particles are separated from the raw water as settled water and sludge. 3.1.3 Filtration The settled water is delivered through concrete channels to 14 gravity filters (Sand filters). This will remove most of the remaining suspended solids. Each filter is a rectangular concrete structure with a bed of sand supported on a layer of pebbles. 3.1.4 Chlorination The water comes out of the filter is disinfected by the process called chlorination. A small amount of chlorine is added to disinfect the filtered water which will eliminate the residual microorganisms. This will help to kill bacteria and other micro organisms which spread waterborne diseases. Drinking water typically contains 0.2 milligram per litre (mg/l) 1.6 mg/l of chlorine. Lime is added to maintain the alkalinity and acidity (pH) level. The treated water flows into a large enclosed storage reservoir which is located adjacent to the treatment plant. This reservoir act as buffer storage and the water is released according to the needs. 3.1.5 Fluoridation Fluoride is added in small quantities to prevent tooth decay. Natural water contains concentrations up to 1MG/L (milligram per litre) of fluoride. Fluoride is a naturally occurring substance in rocks, soils and plants. Fluoride is added to drinking water at a concentration of approximately  0.7MG/L or less than 1 part per million. The left over debris from the plant is recycled for bike paths and building roads. 4.0 MELBOURNE WATER Melbourne Water is owned by Victoria Company. It maintains all aspects from water collection to distribution. A complex interconnected pipeline system distributes water from Melbournes main water storage reservoirs to the three retail business water companies and to their customers. Melbourne Water operates and maintains around 157,000 hectares of protected catchments in the Yarra Ranges. It has main ten water storage reservoirs and distributes to around 1,062 kilometres. It has 214 kilometres of aqueducts with 65 service reservoirs and 42 water treatment plants. 4.1 Water collection and distribution 4.1.1 Collection Majority of Melbournes water catchment is located in the forest areas of Yarra ranges. These forests capture and filter rainwater as it flows across the land into streams and then to the reservoirs. 4.1.2 Distribution From the main reservoir storages, through large pipes the water flow to the service reservoirs by gravity. There are about 55 service reservoirs, which is stored only for one or two days. These reservoirs will ensure that a constant supply of water during the peak demanding periods. From the service reservoirs, water flows down again by the gravity through smaller underground pipelines to households and businesses by the water retail network of pipes. Water pressure is adjusted so that all households receive water at all times. 5.0 Yarra River The Yarra River upstream of Warrandyte is the main source of Melbournes water supply. The progressive development of water supply infrastructure in Melbourne is driven primarily by population growth. The growth in consumption is been made possible by ever increasing abstractions from the Yarra catchment upstream. Water harvesting has caused flows in the Yarra River to be much less than they would otherwise be. Larger dams restrict the sediment flow down of the rivers. Another major issue with the removal of water from the Yarra River is the change in the echo system and diversion in river path. 6.0 Methods of providing Potable water A number of possible alternative water supply options have been put forward to extend the water supply to Melbourne and its surrounding areas into the future. These include: Desalination (Wonthaggi Desalination) Recycling water Rain/ storm water catchment Dual pipe recycling Upgrade of Sewage treatment plant Sugarloaf Pipeline Project Management of current water supplies (restrictions and public awareness ) Raising the height of the dam Re-opening past water sources for the sole purpose of water supply Construction of new dams Melbournes water resource is large enough to feed the entire population in the city. Water is available for urban use from the north east catchments of Melbourne. Building a new dam to collect water from the Thomson/Macalister, Latrobe or Mitchell basins is the most cost-effective approach. This can be a blessing for the Gippsland farmers. This should be the preferred approach. Water can also be brought from north of the Great Divide with the Sugarloaf scheme, but this would be a costly approach. The stormwater collection in Greenfield urban area is another option. Rainwater tanks have a higher capacity than urban stormwater collection but are inefficient and enforce unnecessary costs on the new house developments where they are mandatory and on the taxpayer where the tanks are subsidized. Regulations requiring their installation should be removed and subsidies to their installation should be discontinued. Similarly, the proposals for recycling of water from the Eastern Treatment Pla nt and for desalination should be rejected. The proposed Wonthaggi desalination plant, according to the estimates provided by the government, would result in excessive capital costs of $2 billion and significantly higher operating costs compared with making use of water from the catchment area. Various options for the Eastern Treatment Plant, including exchanging treated water for more harvesting from the Yarra, seem to be high cost approaches but could be further investigated. Modifying or increasing the release of flows from the reservoir and other points of regulation would prefer fewer benefits for in stream, riparian and wetland ecosystems than would measures to restore native vegetation, natural floodplain drainage patters or incentives or controls to improve the quality of discharge from agricultural and especially urban areas. Public awareness and cooperation are essential, as many of the actions which need to be taken to maintain or restore the ecosystem of the Yarra upstream of Warrandyte involve private land. 6.1 Conclusion The above methods of providing water for the future are all available but at a high cost to the taxpayer. The best option is to ensure that the all the measures implemented are well in place to organize and maintain its current resources. Climate change also has to be considered as this will have a negative impact on the ground water resource. Though ground water is replenished every year by the annual rain fall, figures are decreasing and evaporation rates rising as predicted under the CSIRO Climate Science. Public awareness is needed to ensure less wastage of water and maintain supply for the future.

Vladimir Lenin :: Vladimir Lenin Essays

Vladimir Lenin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vladimir Ilich Lenin was born on May 4, 1870. In school, he was very bright, and enjoyed reading and writings of Goethe and Turgenev. Lenin’s father died of a cerebral hemorrhage and his brother was hung for plotting to assassinate Tsar Alexander III. Lenin was finally accepted to the Kazan University where he studied law. He was expelled, and later studied law on his own and passed the exam in first in a class of 124 people in 1891.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1895, Lenin traveled to Switzerland to meet like minded Social Democrats. He and Georgi Plekhanov argued over the means of bringing about change in Russia, and in tern led to the eventual split of the Social Democratic party into Mensheviks and Bolsheviks. Lenin was put in prison for fifteen months for obtaining illegal pamphlets. After he served his term, he was exiled to Siberia, and got married. They went back to Switzerland in 1900 and started his paper, the Iskra. Lenin made a deal with the Germans that he would take power and pull Russia out of the war. Lenin then came to power in October 1917.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1918, the Mensheviks fought the Bolsheviks, resulting in a Menshevik loss. Between 1919 to 1921, typhus destroyed Russia and killed over 27 million people! Vladimir Lenin began the New Economic Plan. This came about to revitalize the economy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In May 1922, Lenin suffered from a stroke, and also received one less than a year later. He tried to prevent Stalin from succeeding him but could not do so, due to his cleverness. Lenin suffered one more stroke before he died with a cerebral hemorrhage, just like his father did, on January 21, 1924.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I am in favor of Lenin’s Bolsheviks, because I like the discipline and professionalism of a smaller group compared to a loosely organized mass party.

Apparent Benefits Of Digital Mammography Health And Social Care Essay

DM separates the procedures of image acquisition, processing and show more than is possible with FM. In FM, the x-ray beginning is turned on, energy is converted from the x-ray beam ( which has radiated through the tight chest ) into light via a phosphor screen, which so exposes a difficult transcript movie, held within the screen ( Carlton & A ; Adler, 2006 ) . The movie is processed chemically and an image is developed. Digital Mammography includes either computed skiagraphy ( CR ) or digital skiagraphy ( DR ) . CR uses really similar equipment to mammography undertaken through conventional skiagraphy and involves a photostimulable phosphor home base cassette-based digital skiagraphy system, in which imagination home bases are run through a computing machine scanner that reads and digitalises the image ( Wang, Merlin, & A ; Kreisz, 2009 ) . All other signifiers of digital mammography are called DR, where digital x-ray detectors are used alternatively of traditional photographic mov ie. Both DR and CR are frequently used in a diagnostic scene, while DR is peculiarly suited to a showing scene ( Wang, Merlin, & A ; Kreisz, 2009 ) . A screening mammogram is performed routinely and harmonizing to BreastScreen Australia, adult females over 50 old ages old require one every two old ages. Unlike movie, the electric signal ( DM produces when the x-ray photons hit the digital sensor ) is linearly relative to the strength of the x-ray resulting in a wider dynamic scope for digital images ( 1000:1 ) than for movies ( 40:1 ) ( Dershaw, D. 2006 ) . This equates to a higher contrast declaration, which is peculiarly of import in imaging younger adult females who normally have heavy chests. However, another factor in image quality, spacial declaration, is superior in FM. Because spacial declaration depends on pixel size in DM and on the size of the grains in the emulsion on the screen in FM, spacial declaration is better enhanced in movie ( Dershaw, D. 2006 ) . Spatial declaration is of import in naming calcifications and other little characteristics in the image. Despite DM ‘s huge post-processing abilities, FM has a greater truth of structural lines recorded, or spacial declaration, of an image. Could the deficiency in the spacial frequence in DM be justified by the ad vanced contrast declaration? Both ( Kim, et al. , 2006 ) and Dershaw, D, ( 2006 ) found several surveies which show that despite the restricting lower spacial declaration of DM, visibleness of calcifications on DM is non significantly different from that on FM. In add-on, both Pisano, Gatsonis, & A ; Hendrick, ( 2005 ) and Skaane, et al. , ( 2008 ) province DM ‘s far superior contrast declaration ( when comparing to FM ) is various in that during the processing of DM, contrast can be enhanced in the countries that are heavy. In April 2004, Melbourne ‘s Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre became the first Australian site to offer digital mammography ( DM ) ( Pun, Lau, Cassumbhoy, Taranto, & A ; Pitman, 2007 ) . The figure of Digital Mammography units bought throughout Australia is rapidly increasing and the conventional film-screen methods of mammography are going out dated. However, the axial rotation out of digital mammography was at hand due to marketing techniques by industries ( Wang, Merlin, & A ; Kreisz, 2009 ) . Both Wang, Merlin, & A ; Kreisz ( 2009 ) and BreastScreen ( 2008 ) outline the considerable figure of mammograms taken each twelvemonth. Wang, Merlin, & A ; Kreisz ( 2009 ) describes the figure to be every bit high as 1.5 million mammography scrutinies undertaken each twelvemonth through both showing and diagnosing. BreastScreen Victoria is portion of the free national chest malignant neoplastic disease testing plan for adult females, known as BreastScreen Australia. The Victorian plan was established in 1992 and is jointly funded by the Victorian and Commonwealth Governments ( BreastScreen, 2008 ) . The plan services adult females under the age of 50 and offers a free mammogram every two old ages to test for chest malignant neoplastic disease. The Government has been funding the digital ascent of BreastScreen Australia from 2006 and has already financed $ 120 million towards the national promotion ( Ageing, 2010 ) . However, Pisano E.D. , et al. , ( 2005 ) discusses, utilizing informations from The Digital Mammographic Imaging Screening Trail ( DMIST ) , the fact that for adult females over 50 old ages old, there was no important difference in diagnostic truth between DM and FM. There is much literature sing the effectivity of testing through DM in older adult females. As mentioned antecedently, BreastScreen testing is applicable for adult females over the age of 50, even though Pisano E.D. , et al. , ( 2005 ) found there was no important difference between DM and FM in adult females over 50 old ages old. Wang, Merlin, & A ; Kreisz ( 2009 ) discovered there were advantages of utilizing FM over DM in ages over 50 old ages old because of the chest composing. It is interesting to farther note in a more recent article by Pisano E.D. , et al. , ( 2008 ) , the writer agrees that in older adult females ‘film tended to execute better for adult females aged 65 old ages or older with fatty chests. ‘ Karssemeijer, et al. , ( 2009 ) describes the aged chest as been less-dense and besides agreed on FM to be the superior unit for chest malignant neoplastic disease testing in ages over 65. Tosteson, et al. , ( 2008 ) steadfastly established ‘for adult fem ales aged 65 old ages or older, it seemed improbable that DM testing offered a mensurable wellness benefit ‘ . Karssemeijer, et al. , ( 2009 ) includes presently 48 per cent of chest malignant neoplastic diseases occur in adult females over 65 old ages old therefore it is of import the age group is imaged right. Both Wang, Merlin, & A ; Kreisz ( 2009 ) and Tosteson, et al. , ( 2008 ) argue that relative to FM, testing for chest malignant neoplastic disease utilizing DM is non cost-efficient due to the inferior quality of imaging less-dense chests over the age of 65. Wang, Merlin, & A ; Kreisz ( 2009 ) conducted an Australian reappraisal that examined the economic value of DM in testing through BreastScreen Australia. Harmonizing to Siemens monetary value scopes for 2010, A new MammoMat DR mammography unit will be up to AU $ 414 000, ( HCN, 2009 ) . A FM unit costs around $ 80 000, ( Wang, Merlin, & A ; Kreisz, 2009 ) . Extra costs for both FM and DM include a movie processor and roller viewing audiences ( FM ) and pressmans, proctors and a image file awaying and communicating system ( PACS ) equipment ( DM ) , observing that PACS can be of to $ 800 000 to set-up, ( Wang, Merlin, & A ; Kreisz, 2009 ) . Wang, Merlin, & A ; Kreisz ( 2009 ) calculated the costs of each DM and FM scrutiny: DM ( D R ) being $ 110.36 per patient and FM $ 73.95 per patient. Wang, Merlin, & A ; Kreisz ( 2009 ) explains that larger sections can afford the passage: ‘larger chest malignant neoplastic disease testing services may be better able to absorb the fiscal impact of presenting DM than little Centres. ‘ Further guess has surfaced sing the scrutiny times in the transition from film-screen to digital mammography signifiers. Not merely is the cost exacerbated but articles have besides been written claiming that many Radiologists might take longer to set to the alteration in engineering, when comparing the passage to digital general X ray ( Grady, 2008 ) . An writer, Denise Grady reported an addition in recall rates among adult females, who ‘were finally found to hold nil incorrect. ‘ She claims the job is that radiotherapists, seting from one medium to another and frequently holding to compare consequences between the two, may construe images more cautiously and ‘play it safe ‘ by bespeaking extra X raies, ultrasounds, or biopsies ( Grady, 2008 ) . This passage from FM to DM is besides outlined by the mean times taken reading the mammogram: 5 proceedingss DM verses 3 proceedingss FM for testing times and 24 proceedingss DM verses 15 proceedingss FM ( Wang, Merli n, & A ; Kreisz, 2009 ) . Haygood, Wang, Lane, Galvan, & A ; Atkinson, ( 2010 ) besides agree in the drawn-out use of DM. The article, comparing DM with FM, found DM six-view images ( three projections of each chest ) could take more than seven times longer than FM images to convey the images up in fit-in show manner, pan through them and set alternator panels and visible radiations. However, Thompson, D, ( 2006 ) justifies the drawn-out passage because of the digital use of the image, declaring that on the whole DM promises to better diagnosings and lead to earlier intervention of chest malignant neoplastic disease.Existing literature to place current positionExisting Australian literature on the cost-effectiveness of exchanging from FM to DM is limited because the first Australian site has merely been unfastened for six old ages. American research is taking the manner in respects to the advantages and restrictions of DM. This is most likely because of the October 2008 figure of 43 per cent American mammography clinics holding at least one DM machine ( Haygood, Wang, Lane, Galvan, & A ; Atkinson, 2010 ) . Many articles have been written in the USA detailing the evident advantages of DM: immediate digital-image acquisition, superior contrast sweetening, storage and retrieval capacity, displayable in multiple formats, real-time reading of mammograms at distant sites, tele-radiology and computer-aided sensing equipment is going more available. Regardless of the legion benefits of DM, American articles have besides argued the cost of DM testing including surveies by Tosteson, et al. , ( 2008 ) and Pisano E.D. , et al. , ( 2008 ) . Back in Australia, mammography demands for showing intents differ somewhat to those in America, due to BreastScreen Australia being to the full funded by the Australian Government. Therefore, farther research must be undertaken refering the cost-effectiveness of transforming BreastScreen Australia ‘s mammography units into DM. And computations of the per centum of adult females over 65 who presently use BreastScreen Australia ‘s services must be found to further analyze the economic value of DM in BreastScreen Australia testing Centres.Proposed Research Study ( Semester Two )Restrictions to the passage from DM to FM must be acknowledged. An obvious limitation is that FM is no longer being researched or advanced by makers and is bit by bit going disused. This is why my research undertaking in semester two will concentrate on farther researching the disadvantages of DM within the age group of over 65, to find why DM is n't suited to this age group and to better DM ‘s capablenesss to include all age-groups. This research needs to be undertaken before FM ( the gold criterion in mammography for over 65 twelvemonth olds ) becomes superseded.DecisionWith DM endangering to to the full replace FM, farther research has to be performed to cut down the disadvantages of DM including: lower degree of spacial declaration, inferior ability in imaging less-dense chests and economical value. Currently, considerable grounds opposing the usage of DM over FM showing of adult females over 65 old ages old is outlined by the writers: Tosteson, et al. , ( 2008 ) , Karssemeijer, et al. , ( 2009 ) , Wang, Merlin, & A ; Kreisz ( 2009 ) , and Pisano E.D. , et al. , ( 2008 ) . Extra research must be conducted in countries of bettering DM in adult females aged over 65 old ages old in order to specify DM as the gilded criterion in chest showing. Word count: 1957

Enterprise Resource Planning Essays

Enterprise Resource Planning Essays Enterprise Resource Planning Essay Enterprise Resource Planning Essay Master of Business Administration MBA Semester 3 OM0011 – Enterprise Resource Planning Assignment Set 1 Q1. What is Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)? What are the advantages of ERP? â€Å"Enterprise Resource Planning:  An accounting oriented information system for identifying and planning the enterprise-wide resources to make, ship and account for customer orders. † Again in Internet encyclopedia, it has defined as: â€Å"An enterprise planning system is an integrated computer based application used to manage internal and external resources, including tangible assets, financial resources, material and human resources†. Basically, an ERP combines several traditional management functions into a logical integrated system and facilitate flow of information across these functions. It is designed to model and automate basic processes across the organization over a centralized database and eliminates the need of disparate systems maintained by various units of the organization. The successful implementation of an ERP system will have many advantages, as indicated below: Business integration and Improved Data Accuracy:  ERP system is composed of various modules/ sub modules where a module represents a particular business component. If data is entered in one module such as receiving, it automatically updates other related modules such as accounts payable and inventory. This updating occurs at real time i. e. at the time a transaction occurs. Since, data needs to be entered only once at the origin of transaction, the need of multiple entries of the same data is eliminated. Likelihood of duplicate/ erroneous data is, therefore, minimized. The centralized structure of the data base also enable better administration and security provisions, which minimizes loss of sensitive data. Planning and MIS:  The various decision support tools like planning engines and simulations functions, form integral part of an ERP system which helps in proper utilization of resources like materials, human resources and tools. Constrained based planning help in drawing appropriate production schedules, thereby improving operation of plant and equipment. As a part of MIS, an ERP system, contains many inbuilt standard reports and also a report writer which produce ad hoc reports, as and when needed. Improved Efficiency and Productivity:  In addition to provision of improved planning, ERP system provides a tremendous boost to the efficiency of day to day and routine transactions such as order fulfillment, on time shipment, vendor performance, quality management, invoice reconciliation, sales realization, and cash management. Cycle time is reduced for sales to cash and procurement to pay sequences. Establishment of Standardized Procedures:  ERP system is based on processes of international best practices, which are adopted by the organizations during implementation. Department silos are purged and maverick practices are done away with. Because of top down view available to management, chances of theft, fraud and obsolescence are minimized. Flexibility and technology:  Due to globalized environment, where production units, distribution centers and corporate offices reside in different countries, organizations need multi currency, multi language and multi accounting modes, in an integrated manner. These provisions are available in most of the ERP systems, particularly in products offered by tier 1 and tier 2 vendors. ERP vendors are also quick to adopt latest technologies, from mainframe to client server to internet. Unlike a bespoke system, Upgrading to latest technology for a running ERP system is uncomplicated, involving mostly adoption of service packs and patches. Q2. What is business modeling? Explain. Business modelling or creating a business model is one of the first activities in any ERP project. As mentioned earlier, the ERP systems should be a replica of the organisation’s business processes. A business model is not a mathematical model, but it is a representation of the business as one large system showing the interconnections and interdependencies of the various subsystems and business processes as shown in Figure. . 4. Figure 2. 4: Real World and the Business Model Based on the organisation’s goals, objectives, and strategic plans, a business model consisting of the business processes is developed. Different individuals in the organisation (the people) control these business processes to achieve common goals. Based on the business model the ERP system is developed with the aim of providing the required information and necessary assistance to the various individuals in an organisation. This helps them perform their business processes more effectively and efficiently. In business modelling, we model the business as an integrated system, taking the processes managing its facilities and materials as resources. Information is a very important resource and is very critical in managing all the other resources. Thus, the business model is a representation of the actual business, the various business functions of the organisation, the relation that exists between them, the manner in which they are interdependent, and so on, to achieve a common goal or objective. The business model is usually represented in the graphical form using flow charts and flow diagrams. The data model of the system is created from the business model. For example, in a small scale automation industry the order bagged by the marketing is passed on to planning department. From here the actual production starts and it has to be cautiously tracked by the planning department. It is the responsibility of the planning department to request the design department to release the drawings and the requirements for the production department. Once the released documents reach the production department, it has to ensure that it allocates man power and a time plan for the manufacturing of the product. Planning has a time schedule of its own for the manufacturing, which has to be planned in accordance to the production department, and has to be informed to the marketing department. Production has to check for the availability of the required items for production from stores and if in case there is any shortage it has to be informed both to the planning and purchase through a proper channel, so that the requirements can be brought in as early as possible. Once the product leaves from production to quality department and then to packing, the information about the status of work and the product description should be available to the planning department. Thus you can see how each department has to work coordinating to each other and the essence of communication between the departments. As important as process planning, market planning is very crucial phase of business modelling. Since, market planning also has an important role when it comes to decision making in large organisation on market strategy. So that it can enable the organisation to successful meet commercialisation requirements according to changing market trend. Its main concern is how decision taken on certain issues can change the company’s revenues and its profit margins. Hence, planning is a crucial element of business model for this to achieve an ERP system is suppose to be capable of handling information not only about the process of various departments but it needs to track the company’s market performance and the company’s product competency compared to its competitors in the market and allow the management to take decision quickly and effectively. Q3. Write short notes on ERP tools and softwares. Before the evolution of ERP model, each department in an enterprise had its own isolated software application that did not interface with any other system. Such isolated framework could not synchronise the inter-department processes and hence hampered the overall productivity, speed, and performance of the organisation. This situation led to issues such as incompatible market standards, lack of synchronisation, incomplete understanding of the complete enterprise functioning, unproductive decisions and so on. For example, the finance department could not coordinate with the procurement team to plan out purchases as per the availability of money. Hence, deploying a comprehensive ERP system across an organisation leads to performance increase, workflow synchronisation, standardised information exchange within departments, complete overview of the enterprise functioning, global decision optimisation, speed enhancement and so on. ERP system is built on a centralised database utilising a common computing platform. It consolidates all business operations into a uniform enterprise wide system environment. An ERP system can either reside on a centralised server or be distributed across modular hardware and software units that provide services and communicate on a local area network. The distributed design allows a business to assemble modules from different vendors without the need for the placement of multiple copies of complex and expensive computer systems in areas which will not use their full capacity. ERP systems integrate all the departments and functions across a company onto a single computer system that can serve all the departments needs. There are two types of ERP software packages. Open Source ERP software and Commercial ERP software. Some of the differences between the two software are as follows. Table 4. 1 shows the differences between commercial and open source ERP. Differences between Commercial and Open Source ERPs ERP Tools There are several ERP software manufacturers. Prominent manufacturers of ERP software are SAP, Oracle Corporation, PeopleSoft, JD Edwards, Lawson, etc. SAP has the major share in the ERP market and next comes the Oracle Corporation. Oracle has acquired JD Edwards, People Soft, and more recently Siebel and competes with SAP in the ERP market. Table 4. 2 lists the popular ERP Tools and their respective vendors. Table 4. 2: ERP Tools and respective vendors Q4. Describe Materials Requirement Planning (MRP). Initially, manufacturing industries viewed Materials Requirement Planning MRP as a better method for ordering components than the independent demand inventory models they had been using during the 1950s and 1960s. However, it has evolved into a comprehensive priority planning system. MRP provides a method that helps keep order due dates valid, even after the orders have been released to the shop floor or outside vendor. MRP systems can detect when is the order due date, the date the order is scheduled to arrive, is out of alignment with its need date, and the date the order is actually required. During the 80s, techniques for helping to plan capacity requirements were tied up with MRP. Tools were developed to assist the planning of aggregate production levels and the development of anticipated production schedules. Systems to aid in executing the plans were incorporated in shop floor control for the  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœin-house factory’  and vendor scheduling for the  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœoutside factories’. The expanded MRP system became known as closed loop MRP. Since, it provided feedback from the execution function to the planning functions, so manufacturers could change plans when necessary. Expanded-closed-loop MRP was practiced to provide the ability to translate the operating plan expressed in manufacturing terms of units (kilograms) into financial terms (rupees). They even have the potential to simulate the effects of various plans in terms of both units and rupees. The new system, which was called Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP-II), was a comprehensive approach for the effective planning of all the resources of a manufacturing organisation. Materials and production planning is critical to the success of a manufacturing company. A company can have the best and the newest manufacturing facilities, product design, the latest equipment. Along with all the latest production technologies like CAD/CAM, robotics, automated guided vehicles (AGVs), and so on but the company had no ability to compete. MRP has proved to be an effective production and inventory planning system in a wide variety of environments. For a successful MRP system three types of information are very essential and they are:   Master Production Schedule (MPS)  · Bill of Material (BOM)  · Inventory Records (IR) Q5. Briefly explain the features of ERP – Purchase module. Features of Purchase Module The Purchase module helps to improve your purchasing function. This module controls the inventory purchasing side of your business. You can track purchase orders, supplier prices, and quantities on order. With the usage of Purchase module you can increase your inventory efficiency and eliminate costly shortages. Features of the purchase module include:  · Streamlining purchase and process cycles  · Capturing materials requirement  · Creating quotations from various suppliers  · Providing a detailed Supplier/Subcontractor/Service Provider database  · Recording Payment terms in PO Allowing order cancellation and order closing  · Enabling multiple delivery schedules, Quotation validity and multiple indents for multiple items in a single PO  · Enabling quality inspection of goods  · Containing complete import functionality with handling of custom details Purchase Bill for import, excise consideration in imports  · Providing Order tracking reports for complete control o n procurement cycle  · Providing Management Information System (MIS) for vendor evaluation based on quality, price and delivery time Efficient purchase management processes provide uyers with advanced tools for analysing supplier patterns in terms of price and delivery terms. This also enables them to adopt adequate measures once unfavourable circumstances are encountered. It assists in taking informed decisions and maintaining control throughout the procurement cycle. This module can handle all purchasing and subcontracting activities such as inviting quotations, supplier evaluation, placing purchase order, order scheduling, and billing. Q6. What are the benefits and limitations of ERP Inventory Management? Benefits and Limitations of ERP Inventory Management ERP inventory management system has many benefits. Some of them include:  · Tracking of orders from the point the order is received to its release.  · Facilitating appropriate communication between different areas.  · Reducing the threat of loss of information.  · Providing a ‘top down’ summary of the mechanism of a company.  · Setting up an outline of security to protect against theft from external or within a company. Replacing old and primitive paper based systems that improves efficiency. Limitations of ERP Inventory Management ERP inventory management helps an organisation in many ways. However, it also has some limitations. They are:  · Limited customisation  · Expensive  · Not friendly with every type of business like small organisations.  · Harder to fix responsibility as it is a company-wide system that connects all areas  · When all departments in a company are not willing to share informa tion, maintenance of sensitive data can disturb the work flow

Analysing The Marketing Campaign Tourism Essays

Analysing The Marketing Campaign Tourism Essays Analysing The Marketing Campaign Tourism Essay Analysing The Marketing Campaign Tourism Essay Introduction In 2008, the metropolis of Liverpool, UK was selected to be the European Capital of Culture programme among 11 metropoliss of the UK. This was a particular event that was introduced from 2005 in Europe and each twelvemonth, one metropolis in Europe would be selected to stand for the civilizations of assorted states. The event was called Liverpool 2008 or Liverpool 08 . Such an event gives the host metropolis the chance to showcase its attractive forces and civilization, besides giving local concerns the chance to increase their gross revenues and develop their concern on a long term footing. While Liverpool 08 lasted for one twelvemonth, the impacts of the event can still be felt today, and concerns see increased gross revenues even now. The event brought the people together as a community and they all worked as a squad to do the event a success. It is estimated that the entire investing in Liverpool and the environing countries was in surplus of 4 billion GBP ( Liverpool 08, 2009 ) . The consequence was that 1000s of occupations were created ; over one billion people visited the metropolis from 60 states. A figure of cultural events were conducted throughout the twelvemonth and the general feeling was that the event was a expansive success. Effective selling, close teamwork, first-class public presentations, and a metropolis that has been celebrated as a finish selling mark helped the undertaking to be a success. However, before naming the event a success, it is of import to understand the steps used to estimate the success of the event. This thesis analyses the selling run of the event, and discusses if the run worked and succeeded in run intoing the aims. Background to the Thesis With the post-9/11 onslaughts and the outgrowth of low cost bearers or LCC, Destination Marketing Organisation or DMO has become progressively popular. DMO acts as a cardinal organic structure for an country or parts, and pulls in faraway travelers from other states. A reappraisal of literature shows that Liverpool 08 and its organising commission is a DMO and finish selling activity. Kotler ( 2002 ) has identified DMO as authorities or private administrations that cover all the activities and procedures to convey together clients or purchasers and Sellerss, and places a focal point on reacting to the demands of the clients and competitory placement. The activity is a set of uninterrupted and co-ordinated stairss that create consciousness of the finish and put up an efficient web for the finish. Finishs can be continents such as Antarctica, states, big and little metropoliss, specific parts or countries in a state, a little small town, touchable and intangible services, and natural offerings available in the topographic point. Brey ( 2007 ) posits that finish selling involves utilizing touristry as a agency to an terminal instead than an terminal in itself. Reichel ( 2007 ) has pointed out that DMOs trade with varied undertakings that can include bettering and driving that image of a finish to pull visitants, supplying varied duties for different categories of clients runing from the back pack traveler who would be comfy kiping in a collapsible shelter, to a well-heeled traveler who demands a lavish suite. He speaks of increasing the sum of installations and substructure for journey, housing, F A ; B, giving local occupants and installation proprietors more rationale and support, bettering the local environment, conveying in cultural activities, taking local barriers of civilization and linguistic communication, and doing finishs more beguiling, hospitable, and a place off from place. Zupanovic ( 2007 ) argues that the activities of DMOs are of a really ambitious field and are related to the stakeholder s attitude, the complexness of the finish, and many other factors. Porter ( 1998 ) has defined competitory advantage as a place that an administration has created or occupied with mention to rivals, and it allows the house to gain higher grosss. With mention to DMOs, certain characteristics of the merchandise such as historical and tourist attractive forces, and natural scenic beauty like beaches, mountains and so on attract and pull visitants. Kotler ( 2002 ) points out that while supplying tourers with an first-class means to do their stay enjoyable, the primary ground for the DMO is to guarantee that investors and stakeholders make net incomes, and that their fiscal wagess are attained. Merely after these aims are satisfied can the DMO activity be regarded as successful. Literature Review Liverpool 08 has been actively supported by the University of Liverpool and the University of Manchester, and the pupils and module of the universities have published a figure of really good written paperss about the event. These paperss would be used as mentions for the research. Garcia ( 2009 ) notes that the benefits of Liverpool 08 have extended beyond 2008 when the event was conducted. The entire income from the programme was about 130 million GBP and this is more than that of any other European Capital of Culture or ECoC plan. There was an extra 27.7 million people sing Liverpool, the North West part, and the Merseyside in 2008, and this was 35 % of all visits. About 2.9 million visitants from Europe and other states came to Liverpool. The tendency of visitants has extended to until beyond 2010 and during 2009, Liverpool besides saw a ample flow of visitants. It was estimated that by the terminal of 2008, Liverpool was regarded as the Centre for humanistic disciplines and cultu ral personal businesss. In 2008, there were more than 70,000 humanistic disciplines and cultural activities conducted. The event has delivered four major consequences and these are: advantages and benefits to multiple stakeholders, multiple impact of civilization ; regeneration of the interior metropolis countries and the dockyards, and the handiness of a research model that can be used by other metropoliss that want to retroflex the success ( Bond, 2008 ) . It is by and large claimed by the organizers that Liverpool 08 has obtained sufficient degrees of success. Benefits in Liverpool Dockyards The Liverpool Dockyard countries have seen a great transmutation during the Liverpool 08 event. The dockyard has many sites that are a portion of the Maritime Mercantile City UNESCO World Heritage Site and the history of the dockyards go back to the early tenth century. Of particular note are constructions such as the Albert Dockyard. This site was chosen to be the locale for the FETTU exhibition. Albert Dockyard sees a figure of visitants, and it has many of import and worthwhile attractive forces such as the Tate Liverpool gallery, the New Arena and Convention Centre, Kings Waterfront, Three Graces in the North country, Wapping Dock, Birkenhead in Merseyside, and other countries ( FETTU, June 2008 ) . One of the most outstanding constructions that were built for Liverpool 08 was the Arena and Convention Centre constructed at the Kings Waterfront dock country of Liverpool. This is a futuristic convention Centre with an country of 7600 square metres, and provides 10,000 seats and an auditorium of 1350 seats. In add-on, the Centre has hotels, multi-story auto parking, eating houses, and an first-class public plaza. Before the Liverpool 08 event, these ancient dockyards had fallen into neglect and decay with all the societal ailments of old dock countries. However, the cultural festival has succeeded in transforming the countries into a rich cultural and economic hub. The best portion is that the new constructions that have been constructed and the old 1s that have been repaired would go on to convey in more and more cultural activities through the old ages ( Wilkinson Eyre, 2008 ) . Suggested Methodology As per the study by ENRS ( June 2009 ) and Bond ( October 2008 ) , there are multimodal factors and subsectors to be considered in the methodological analysis for analyzing the impacts on touristry. The impact of touristry would be felt in subsectors such as transit, adjustment, attractive forces and visits to topographic points of involvements, mediators, and tourers such as twenty-four hours tourers and full clip tourers. Considerable work has been done by the University of Liverpool pupils to measure the impact created by the event. For this research, it is proposed that the secondary method should be used. The secondary method would include a reappraisal of published studies and literature about the festivals. The findings would subsequently be triangulated with the literature reappraisal of finish selling to supply the needed decisions. Undertaking Timeline It is estimated that the undertaking would take about six months from start to complete. What follows is the undertaking timeline. How the thesis is organised There would be a figure of chapters in the thesis, with each chapter devoted to a specific event. A brief overview of thesis construction is as given below: Chapter 2: Literature Review. This chapter would set about a thorough literature reappraisal of Liverpool 08 and how the cultural event has affected the dockyard country. The chapter would besides analyze theories and illustrations of finish selling administrations and how they advertise finishs. Chapter 3: Decisions and Recommendation. The chapter would sum up the findings from the literature reappraisal to find if Liverpool 08 was successful. Some recommendations would besides be made to convey out the best patterns.