Essay about Cancer and Terry Tempest Williams Refuge

Cancer and Terry Tempest Williams Refuge â€Å"I cannot prove my mother, my grandmothers, along with my aunts developed cancer from nuclear fallout in Utah. But I can’t prove they didn’t.† Epilogue, Refuge In Terry Tempest Williams’s Refuge, death slowly claimed almost all of the women of her family. Death took Williams’ family members one by one just one or two years apart. In every case, the cause was cancer. Williams insisted in the epilogue that fall-out from the 1951-62 nuclear testing in Utah brought cancer to her family. Because there are many other causes of cancer, such as genetic and environmental factors, it is hard for one to insist that nuclear fall-out causes cancer. Therefore, it is important to find out how and why†¦show more content†¦For example, Iodine 131 causes thyroid cancer. It is a substance that dissolves into liquid such as water and milk. Other chemicals such as Strontium-90 and Cesium 147 as well get into water, milk, soil, food and vegetables that we eat and cause bone, skin cancer and leukemia. Chemicals like Strontium-90 and Cesium-147 remain for up to 200 to 300 years in the atmosphere (CancerSource.) The United States tested nuclear bombs, â€Å"215 A- and H-bombs† (www.nukewatch.com) above ground between 1951 and 1963 in the Nevada Test Site. Fifty years later, the U.S government studies stated that over 80,000 people who lived or were born in the U.S suffered from cancer caused by radioactive fall-out from nuclear testing. Over 15,000 of them died. Many of whom were from the states close to the testing sites, called the â€Å"downwinders,† Utah, Idaho and other states. From the Nevada Test Site the winds carried nuclear radiation fallout, filled with â€Å"iodine-131† which caused â€Å"75,000 thyroid cancers, ten percent of which are estimated to have been fatal, and strontium-90 and cesium-137, which are dangerous for between 280 and 300 years,† (nukewatch) likely causes of bone and skin cancer and leukemia. Therefore, there is some strong evidence that nuclear fall-out in the 1950s did cause cancer. â€Å"Downwinders† and people from the states close to the test site were severely exposed to the fallout and have suffered from all kind of cancers. The Center for DiseaseShow MoreRelated Refuge: An Unnatural History of Family and Place by Terry Tempest Williams1308 Words   |  6 PagesRefuge: An Unnatural History of Family and Place by Terry Tempest Williams Refuge; An Unnatural History of Family and Place, by Terry Tempest Williams, is a thought-provoking, sentimental book that explores both the unnatural and the natural events that take place in her life. The deception and lies of the reports presented by the United States government, which lead to the fall out of atomic bomb testing in Utah in the 1950s and the rise of the Great Salt Lake and its effect on bird’s serveRead MoreEssay on Terry Tempest Williams Refuge1182 Words   |  5 PagesTerry Tempest Williams Refuge If we bemoan the loss of light as the day changes to night we miss the sunset. In her memoirs Refuge, Terry Tempest Williams relates the circumstances surrounding the 1982 rise in the Great Salt Lake as well as her mother’s death from cancer. Throughout the book Williams gets so caught up in preventing her mother’s death that she risks missing the sunset of her mother’s life. However the Sevier-Fremont’s adaptability to changes in nature inspires Terry TempestRead More Terry Tempest Williams’ Refuge Essay1049 Words   |  5 PagesTerry Tempest Williams’ Refuge Adaptation is the source and story of a species’ survival. Human beings’ journey across and habitation of the earth’s surfaces demanded resilience to change. As a result each race is a product of the land in which they inhabited. We have grown with the land. Our physical traits tie us to a particular region, a particular place, but what of our emotions? Are they another link to our homelands or do they orphan us, forcing us to seek refuge? Terry Tempest Williams’Read More Female Struggles Essay examples1592 Words   |  7 PagesLatter Day Saints, also known as Mormons, patriarchy also exists. Terry Tempest Williams discusses patriarchy and women’s connection to the land in Refuge. Over time women’s status in society has become better, however in Mormon culture women’s rights have decreased. In Refuge, Terry Tempest Williams as an ecofeminist defies the traditional Mormon woman’s role. In Refuge the gender roles are not as clear as in society. Williams chooses to display the gender roles more subtly. We learn that womenRead More Terry Tempest Williams Refuge Essay examples1926 Words   |  8 PagesTerry Tempest Williams Refuge In Refuge, Terry Tempest Williams weaves together her experiences and relationships with family and nature, two major themes of Refuge, as well as two apparently important aspect of Williams’ life. The book is the story of the destruction of her family and the nature surrounding her, but it is these places that are being destroyed are the same places where Terry Tempest Williams finds comfort before, during and after cancer started to consume her life. I believeRead More Nuclear Power and Testing Essay examples2337 Words   |  10 Pagesgenetic defects, leukemia, and cancer in many of the fallout’s victims. In her 1992 book Refuge, Terry Tempest Williams claims she â€Å"cannot prove her mother, Diane Dixon Tempest, or [her] grandmothers, Lettie Romney Dixon and Kathryn Blackett Tempest, along with [her] aunts developed cancer from nuclear fallout in Utah ( Tempest 286,);† however, scientific tests, although hard to conduct in this circumstance, have proved a st rong correlation between fallout exposure and cancer within the downwind populationRead More Can Religion Help the Healing Process of Cancer? Essay example1427 Words   |  6 PagesCan Religion Help the Healing Process of Cancer? One of the hardest parts of cancer is psychologically dealing with the illness. People know that cancer causes pain, suffering and potentially death. Death. A traumatizing circumstance when faced with prematurely. Patients with this life-threatening disease can easily fall into unhealthy lifestyle due to lack of emotional support, making cancer twice as difficult to try to overcome. Religion and spirituality provide patients with coping mechanismsRead MoreThe Clan of One-Breasted Women by Terry Tempest Williams Essay1876 Words   |  8 PagesThe Clan of One-Breasted Women by Terry Tempest Williams In our current society it is established that faith is equated with a type of blind acceptance of all that the church or institution stands for. Having faith is still viewed as a wholesome characteristic, though it is more and more becoming correlated with negative connotation that is commonly attached to a thoughtless, dogmatic approach Ââ€" an absolute obedience of all tenets regardless of conscious thoughts and appeals. In a similar regard

The Debate Over Legalization Of Euthanasia Essay - 2047 Words

Controversies on legalization of euthanasia in Europe and America are continuing. The argument for legalizing euthanasia36 is that the individual s freedom entails liberty or choice in all matters as long as the rights of any other person are not infringed upon. The argument against legalizing euthanasia is that it will lead to disrespect for human life. Euthanasia can then be abused for criminal purposes. A financial motive is sometimes advanced in favor of euthanasia. It costs money to the family or the government to keep terminally ill people on life support which will be wastage of resources if they eventually die. 35 http.://www.angelfire.com., visited on 21st Feb, 2012. 36 http.:// www.missionislam.com., visited on 21st Feb 2015. 60 For the purpose of analyzing euthanasia, 5 principles are recognized by most of the theorists. These principles are: (a) The principle of motive, i.e., each action is judged by the intention behind it. (b) The principle of certainty, i.e., a certainty cannot be voided, changed or modified by uncertainty. (c) The principle of injury, i.e., an individual should not harm others or be harmed by others. (d) The principle of hardship, i.e., hardship mitigates easing of the rules and obligations. (e) The principle of custom, i.e., what is customary is a legal ruling. 61 (a) The Principle of Motive or Intention – The principle of motive is invoked in three situations: (a) There is noShow MoreRelated Legalizing Voluntary Euthanasia Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesToday, voluntary euthanasia is getting closer to being legalized in more than just one state in the United States. â€Å"‘Voluntary’ euthanasia means that the act of putting the person to death is the end result of the person’s own free will† (Bender 19). â€Å" Voluntary euthanasia is an area worthy of our serious consideration, since it would allow patients who have exhausted all other reasonable options to choose death rather than continue suffering† (Bender 19). The question of whether or not voluntaryRead MoreThe Slippery Slope Of Euthanasia1396 Words   |  6 Pagesslippery slope argument has been ongoing in the euthanasia debate. The â€Å"slippery slope† refers to the belief that legalizing voluntary euthanasia and physician assisted suicide will lead to undesirable outcomes. Many speculate that the legalization of involuntary euthanasia will lead to the legalization of murder. Since euthanasia is legalized in the Netherlands, some argue that it has caused a slippery slope. Now, people believe legalizing euthanasia in the United States will also cause a slipperyRead MoreEuthanasia Is The Act Of Killing Someone1284 Words   |  6 PagesEuthanasia is the act of killing someone that is very sick or injured in to prevent a painful suffering in life. One type of euthanasia is physician-assisted suicide, which is the use of a particular medicine given to a patient by a doctor to cause a peaceful death. This a very controversial topic when it comes to the subject of terminal or severe illnesses such as cancer and dementia. Brittany Maynard is a well-known example of person who took her own live under Oregon’s aid-in-dying law due toRead More Rebutting Arguments to Legalize Euthanasia or Assisted Suicide1711 Words   |  7 PagesArguments to Legalize Euthanasia or Assisted Suicide      Ã‚   This essay focuses on several of the most common arguments in favor of the legalization of euthanasia or assisted suicide - and rebuts them. The language is simple, or, as they say, in laymans terms so as to be easily understandable. The sources are from professional journals, internet websites, and news outlets.    The first common argument favoring euthanasia or assisted suicide is this: Since euthanasia and assisted suicideRead MoreEssay Euthanasia1563 Words   |  7 PagesCountless debates have been conducted in recent years regarding euthanasia. It is a topic of great significance and sensitivity, because in the simplest terms, it is a debate about someone’s right to take his/her own life. Ultimately the legalization of euthanasia is a matter of human rights, and therefore the outcome of its debate has great implications on how humans define those inalienable rights. The arguments against euthanasia are numerous, and many of them are valid, good, humanitarian pointsRead MorePersuasive Essay Pro Euthanasia954 Words   |  4 PagesLee AP Language and composition Persuasive essay 6 October 2017 Euthanasia legalization The ultimate value of life depends upon awareness and the power of contemplation rather than upon mere survival. Aristotle Being one of the most fervid and controversial topic of all, euthanasia, also known as physician-assisted suicide, has initiated a very sensitive discussion on life and death under one’s ability to choose either side. Euthanasia is defined as a â€Å"the act or practice of killing or permitting theRead MoreThe Debate Of Euthanasia And Euthanasia1429 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION: The debate of euthanasia is an ongoing one that’s shrouded with much controversy and ambiguity regarding the ethics of it in contemporary Australian society. However, the frequency of this topic being debated by physicians, influential figures and the media has become more prominent now than ever. In particular, in association with its impending legislation within Australian states. (The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists,2012) Various types of euthanasia are recognisedRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide1418 Words   |  6 Pagescan put the patient in an induced coma, but what kind of living is that? It is not living. The patient does not want to go on. Is it so wrong to ask for a way out? With less than six months to live, the patient’s hope is gone. Many argue that euthanasia is not ethical, but is it really ethical to let someone live in constant, horrifying pain and agony? While in some cases having the right to die might result in pati ents giving up on life, physician-assisted suicide should be legalized in all fiftyRead MoreEuthanasi The Issue Of Legalizing Euthanasia1662 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization of Euthanasia Ata Dogan Student Sheridan College Abstract This paper examines how countries around the world have dealt with euthanasia as an upcoming issue. Looking into the stances, arguments and opinions surrounding the issue of legalizing Euthanasia. It goes into detail about why citizens are requesting legalization and also reviews who are the people specifically that chose to be euthanized. Furthermore, it discusses the negative stance and the positive outcomes of this issue overRead MoreDeath with Dignity (Euthanasia) Essay1515 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the value of life exactly? Who decides whether or not someone’s life is valuable? These and many other questions are asked when the controversial topic of euthanasia is discussed. Certain groups and different politicians disapprove of the legalization of euthanasia, arguing that it is immoral and unethical. Doctors use modern medicine and expanding technology to â€Å"extend† one’s life. However, court mandates and/or politicians should not decide our rights. Especially when it involves our own

Mcdonalds vs Burger King free essay sample

For years, McDonalds and Burger King (8K) have been the worlds two largest and most successful fast food chains. Both have battled out all these years over their operational differences which form the core of their corporate culture. The Doing It All For You (McDonalds) vs. Having It Your Way (BKs) stems from their respective production methods. McDonalds Made to Stock vs. BKS Made to Order also originate from the differences in their respective processes. Exhibits 1 and 2 show the Process Flow Diagrams (PFDs) of McDonalds and BK respectively. Exhibit 3 rovides a detailed comparative analysis of the PFDs of these two fast food chains. The main operational difference between McDonalds and BK is that McDonalds cooks their hamburgers on grills using a batch process (a batch of upto 12 patties/ grill) with human intervention to turn, sear, and pull. BK uses the machine based Continuous Chain Broiler assembly process (8 burgers/meat chain) for the production of their burgers similar to an assembly line in a manufacturing process thus, requiring no human intervention. The corporations revenues come from the rent, royalties and fees paid by the franchisees, as well as sales in company-operated restaurants. McDonalds revenues grew 27 percent over the three years ending in 2007 to $22. 8 billion, and 9 percent growth in operating income to $3. 9 billion. McDonald’s primarily sells hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken, french fries, breakfast items, soft drinks, shakes and desserts. In response to changing consumer tastes, the company has expanded its menu to include salads, wraps, smoothies and fruit. Another fast food chain is Burger King. The company began in 1953 as Insta-Burger King, a Jacksonville, Florida-based restaurant chain. After Insta-Burger King ran into financial difficulties in 1955, its two Miami-based franchisees, David Edgerton and James McLamore, purchased the company and renamed it Burger King. Over the next half century the company would change hands four times, with its third set of owners, a partnership of TPG Capital, Bain Capital, and Goldman Sachs Capital Partners, taking it public in 2002. In late 2010 3G Capital of Brazil acquired a majority stake in BK in a deal valued at $3. 26 billion (USD). The new owners promptly initiated a restructuring of the company to reverse its fortunes. At the end of fiscal year 2011, Burger King reported it had more than 12,400 outlets in 73 countries; of these, 66 percent are in the United States and 90 percent are privately owned and operated. BK has historically used several variations of franchising to expand its operations. The manner in which the ompany licenses its franchisees varies depending on the region, with some regional franchises, known as master franchises, responsible for selling franchise sub-licenses on the companys behalf. Burger Kings relationship with its franchises has not always been harmonious. Like McDonalds, Burger King sells hamburgers, chicken, french fries, soft drinks, milkshakes, salads, desserts and breakfast. McDonalds amazing taste, reasonable prices and great customer service makes it a stronger and more successful company than Burger King. McDonalds have a variety of foods which are all very delicious but the one item that stands out is their fries. The taste of McDonalds french fries played a crucial role in the chains success, fries are much more profitable than hamburgers, and was long praised by customers, competitors, and even food critics. James Beard loved McDonalds fries. Their distinctive taste does not stem from the kind of potatoes that McDonalds buys, the technology that processes them, or the restaurant equipment that fries them: other chains use Russet Burbanks, buy their french fries from the same large processing companies, and have similar fryers in their restaurant kitchens. The taste of a french fry is largely determined by the cooking oil. For decades McDonalds cooked its french fries in a mixture of about seven percent cottonseed oil and 93 percent beef tallow. The mixture gave the fries their unique flavor, they are not too salty, greasy or saggy, and they are just right and highly favored. In the Article â€Å"Best Tasting Fries, Aaron Francis explained that â€Å"McDonald’s fries are the best tasting fries that he has tasted in a long time† (9). On the other hand Burger Kings food taste horrible, the fries is salty and saggy, the burgers are huge and sloppy with a lot of calories which is unhealthy. In the Article â€Å"Horrible Fast Food, Edwin Michaels explained that â€Å"Burger Kings food is atrocious† (4). So it is very obvious that McDonalds is the best of the two. In this economy it is very important for people to spend their hard working money on food with reasonable prices. McDonalds is one of the most reasonable priced fast food restaurants in the nation. It is quite affordable and has many different food items to choose from. The food that is sold for the price of a dollar on their famous dollar menu is amazing. In the Article â€Å"Hard Times, Randy Baldwin explains that â€Å"McDonalds is a life saver when it comes to prices on their menus†(7). Burger King However has larger prices for many of the same items so no wonder people prefer McDonald’s more. The burgers on their menus are very expensive and the average meal ranges from $5 and up while McDonald ranges from $3 and up. In the Article â€Å"Expenses, Michelle Gillis explains that â€Å"She will no longer purchase from Burger King because their prices are too high†(2). Different people from all walks of life has different types of price ranges so it depends on someone’s assets what they think is reasonable or not. Customer service is not optional in todays businesses. Its crucial to creating customer loyalty and retention. Customer service is the service or care that a consumer receives before, during and after a purchase. Its one of the factors that come in to play when a consumer is determining buying value, the other is the quality of the product or service that is being offered. When it comes to customer service McDonalds is great because they know how to treat customers with the utmost respect, they always seems to have a smile on their faces and if anything goes wrong they tend to take care of it in the graceful manner possible. Their customer service is excellent. In the Article Great Customer Service, Jack Allen explains: McDonald’s customer service is great, they know how to treat the customers in the proper way, from the way they greet and address people with manners and kindness. They make sure a proper environment is provided for individual to have a meal and the way the talk to people is just amazing how much manner they have. They present themselves in a very neat and clean way with uniforms for their specific jobs, which is very attractive. (6) however, burger king’s customer service sucks in terms of how they approach an individual, speak with someone and the wait there to actually get something to eat. There employees are not very kind and caring and they also dress sloppy as said In the Article â€Å"Bad Employees, Alfred Johnson explains that â€Å"Burger King has the worse customer service† (3). Burger King need to teach better customer service. It is very obvious that McDonalds is the better of the two in every way possible. The way that the cooperation is managed due to the fact that they have not changed ownership as many times as Burger King has. Their business blueprint has served as a model for many other franchises both in and out of the fast food industry. McDonalds is able to attain a high level of standard that is guaranteed at chains throughout the globe and the other hand Burger King at the lowest of the fast food chain. What I find amazing about McDonalds their standard is attain while offering a wider variety of food item on the menu as compared to Burger King. McDonalds is able to accomplish all of this while keeping competitive in a slow economy and retain their status as the top fast food chain. The sheer volume of sales, chains, and numbers of countries they are in, serves as proof that I am not the only one that share this opinion.

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Formal Lab free essay sample

The nitrating agent was prepared by slowly adding cold concentrated sulfuric acid (1. 7 mL, 0. 0319 mol) to cold concentrated nitric acid (0. 6 mL, 0. 0141 mol) in a 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask. The mixture was carefully swirled in an ice bath to ensure that the two concentrated acids were thoroughly mixed together. In a second 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask, acetanilide (1. 0 g, 0. 0074 mol) was dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid (1. 5 mL, 0. 0281 mol) by having the acid slowly added to the solid while the mixture was swirled. Heating with a hot plate was also required to dissolve the acetanilide. When all of the solid had dissolved, the flask was cooled in an ice bath. The cold nitrating agent was added drop-wise to the cold acetanilide mixture. The flask was swirled after each addition of the nitrating agent. The flask was kept immersed in the ice bath so that the temperature of the reaction would not rise. The drop-wise addition of the nitrating agent took approximately 5-10 minutes. Including the time of adding the nitrating agent, the reaction was kept in the ice bath for a total of 20 minutes with intermittent swirling. Ice water (10 mL, 0. 555 mol) was carefully added to the flask. The mixture was thoroughly swirled to dilute the acids and was allowed to stand for about 5 minutes with occasional swirling. After the 5 minutes, solid nitroacetanilde formed. The solid was collected by vacuum filtration and rinsed with cold water. The solid was allowed to dry over the Buchner funnel for several minutes. A small amount of this solid was saved in a small test tube. The filtrate was disposed of in the waste jar in the hood. The filter flask was rinsed out with a small amount of water. The remainder of the solid was recrystallized from hot ethanol. The solid was collected by vacuum filtration. A TLC was ran on the crude solid, the recrystallized solid, and the filtrate from the recrystallization. The solid was allowed to dry until the following lab when it would be weighed and have a melting point taken. Calculations Theoretical Yield: 1. 0 g acetanilide x 1 mol/135. 16 g = 0. 0074 mol acetanilide 0. 0074 mol acetanilide x 1 mol p-nitroacetanilide/1 mol acetanilide = 0. 0074 mol p-nitroacetanilide 0. 0074 mol p-nitroacetanilide x 180. 16 g/1 mol = 1. 33 g p-nitroacetanilide Percent Yield: (Actual/Theoretical) x 100 = (0. 17 g/1. 33 g)x100 = 12. 8% yield Rf calculations: First spot: (center of first spot/ solvent front) = 3. 7 cm/ 5. 2 cm = 0. 71 Second spot: (center of second spot/ solvent front) = 4. 6 cm/ 5. 2 cm = 0. 88 Data Results The actual yield of p-nitroacetanilide was 0. 17 grams corresponding to a 12. 8% yield. The melting point was found to be 210-212 °C, confirming that the product’s identity was indeed the p-nitroacetanilide. A TLC was performed on the crude solid, the recrystallized solid, and the filtrate from the recrystallization. Each sample gave two distinct spots on the filter paper with Rf values of 0. 71 and 0. 88. Discussion Aromatic compounds can undergo electrophilic substitution reactions. In these reactions, the aromatic ring acts as a nucleophile (an electron pair donor) and reacts with an electrophilic reagent (an electron pair acceptor) resulting in the replacement of a hydrogen on the aromatic ring with the electrophile. Due to the fact that the conjugated 6? -electron system of the aromatic ring is so stable, the carbocation intermediate loses a proton to sustain the aromatic ring rather than reacting with a nucleophile. Ring substituents strongly influence the rate and position of electrophilic ttack. Electron-donating groups on the benzene ring speed up the substitution process by stabilizing the carbocation intermediate. Electron-withdrawing groups, however, slow down the aromatic substitution because formation of the carbocation intermediate is more difficult. The electron-withdrawing group withdraws electron density from a species that is already positively charged making it very electron d eficient. Therefore, electron-donating groups are considered to be â€Å"activating† and electron-withdrawing groups are â€Å"deactivating†. Activating substituents direct incoming groups to either the â€Å"ortho† or â€Å"para† positions. Deactivating substituents, with the exception of the halogens, direct incoming groups to the â€Å"meta† position. The experiment described above was an example of a specific electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction involving the nitration of acetanilde. This was formally the nitration of aniline, but some groups are not always compatible with electrophilic aromatic substitution. Aniline has an amino group (-NH2) which is electron donating and an ortho/para director. However, under the conditions of many electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions like those involving strongly acidic conditions, the amine becomes protonated (-NH3+) becoming electron withdrawing and a meta director. This is undesirable and would have led to a mixture of products. This problem can be avoided by converting the amine group into an amide (-NHCOCH3 in the case of acetanilide) prior to the electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The amide group is called a protecting group and will not form a salt under acidic conditions, is still activating and an ortho, para director. The protecting group can actually be easily removed after the substitution reaction to regenerate the original amine group if desired. In our experiment, we started with the protected aniline rather than have the acetanilide prepared from aniline and did not remove the protecting group at the end. The nitration was carried out with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid. This mixture gave NO2+ as the electrophilic species and the nitrating agent to be used in the reaction. The reaction yielded both ortho and para-nitroacetanilide as products. Para-nitroacetanilide was separated from the ortho form by recrystallization due to solubility properties. The melting point range obtained during this experiment was very important in determining the product’s identity since the two possible products had very different melting points. The product’s melting point range was found to be 210-212 °C, which is very close to the literature melting point range of p-nitroacetanilide (215-217 °C) confirming the product is essentially of the para form. Since the experimental melting point range is slightly lower than the literature value, there are still some impurities in the product. The impurities on the product are most likely o-nitroacetanilide. The TLC ran on the crude solid, the recrystallized solid, and the filtrate from the recrystallization was beneficial in determining what forms of nitroacetanilide was present at each step of the experiment. The TLC plate used had silica gel as the adsorbent which is highly polar. Ethyl acetate, polar, was used as the solvent. Therefore, the less polar substances would travel further up the plate with the more polar substances staying behind. P-nitroacetanilide is less polar than o-nitroacetanilide and was observed on the plate as the spot with the lower Rf value (0. 71). All three samples showed two spots at each of the Rf values (0. 71 and 0. 88), but the recrystallized solid sample’s second spot (Rf value of 0. 88) was very faint on the plate and was barely noticeable compared to the other two samples. This further supported that there was probably still a little bit of o-nitroacetanilide in the final recrystallized product, as previously shown by the melting point range. It was also expected that the crude solid sample and the filtrate from recrystallization sample would both contain both the ortho and para form and show the two distinct spots on the TLC plate. In conclusion, this lab proved to be successful in nitrating an aromatic compound and isolating the p-nitroacetanilide from the ortho/para mixture of products. The percent yield (12. 8%) was pretty low, but a low percent yield was expected. The sources of error which may have led to such a low percent yield include the fact that we had to separate the para product from the ortho product and most likely lost a good amount of product in this step. Also, the nitrating agent (NO2+) was gaseous and had to be prepared in â€Å"situ† from the reaction of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. It is very probable that we did not have a 100% yield of the nitrating agent prepared to be able to react in the nitrating reaction. As low as the percent yield may have been, I feel confident that the final product was pretty pure. This was evidenced by both the obtained melting point range, which was fairly close to the literature value, and the TLC plate which showed only a little bit of the ortho product. References 1) Sigma-Aldrich website